Which Fuel Releases the Most Energy Per Mole Measure by Heating Water :: Papers

Which Fuel Releases the Most Energy Per Mole Measure by Heating Water Hypothesis In this investigation I lead burn alcohols to heat up a beaker of water. I will be burning five fuels which are called Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol. In my investigation I calculate that the alcohol Pentanol would release more energy than the other alcohols because as the chain length of the alkanes get longer, the more energy is released. Apparatus Retort stand fix Measuring piston chamber Thermometer Heatproof mats Copper can Splint Chemicals(Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol) Independent variables Using the akin scales like amount of water in copper beaker Same height of thermometer from water Temperature of water before experiment Weight of alcohol before experiment Fair Test To make it a fair demonstrate I made sure I drop the same amount of water in the copper can. I made sure that the wat er started with the same temperature with the same alcohol. I made sure that the height was the same from the water to the thermometer. Health and Safety Wear goggles Hide tie in the garment Keep bags under the table Method I first got all the apparatus that I needed and set it up. I got a measuring cylinder and measured a 100 cm of water and poured it in a copper can. Then I connected the copper can to the stand with a clamp. Then I would get a spirit lamp which is filled with alcohol and measure it. Then I would use a spirit to light it and put it under the copper can. Then I would heat and stir the water until the temperature has gone up another 10 degrees Celsius. I will then desolate out the flame and put the cap on the burner quickly and reweigh the alcohol.

The Three Unique Characters of Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher Es

The Three Unique Characters of Edgar Allan Poes The Fall of the digest of Usher In Edgar Allan Poes, The Fall of the House of Usher, the three characters are the unknown narrator, the narrators old time friend Roderick Usher, and Rodericks sister Madeline Usher. The three characters are unique people with distinct characteristics, but they are tied together by the same type of cordial disorder. They all suffer from insanity but they each respond to it differently. Roderick and his sister bet to have a spiritual attatchment, and the narrator begins to get sucked into it.The narrator is called for help by his old time friend Roderick Usher. There is a split sprightliness in the narrators mind between the rational and the supernatural. When he first arrives to the house, he sees a face in the tarn, a split curb in the house and the double image of his own face on the image of the house. Unlike Roderick, the narrator appears to be a man of common sense. He seems to h ave a good heart in that he comes to help a friend from his boyhood. Being educated and analytical, he observes that his friend Roderick has a mental disorder. The narrator tries to find scientific explanations for what Roderick senses, but when he cant find one, he criticizes Roderick for his fantasies, and claims that Roderick is enchained by certain superstitious impressions in debate to the dwelling which he tenated. The narrator tries his hardest to help but he cant because he ...

Iron Increases Heart Disease :: essays research papers

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has afflicted man throughout history. Diet and hereditary factors obviously are the key components in developing this condition. Foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats are often implicated in hastening or aggravating heart disease. Many disease states such(prenominal) as diabetes mellitus and hypertension have also been shown to increase a persons chances for CAD. Heart disease usually affects persons over age 60, but can be seen in people who are much younger for various reasons. This disease remains the number one cause of hospitalization and death in the adult creation in western society (McCance and Huether, 1994).     The purpose of this literature review is to investigate research dealing with the subject of increased serum compress levels and the prevalence of CAD. medical journals were primarily utilize for research data due to the nature of the subject and the need for in-depth analysis.     Whil e it has the highest prevalence of any disease, women experience only 30-50% of the coronary arteria disease incidence and mortality of age-matched men (Meyers, 1996). Many feel that this may be due to the protective effect that estrogen has on the blood vessels of females. in that location may actually be a direct correlation to reduced serum iron levels due to menses. Whereas men " build-up" iron in the blood, women cleanse themselves of iron buildup on the monthly basis. Meyers (1996) also states that oxidation, the process in which an atom increases its positive charges (Miller and Keane, 1992), of low density lipoprotein cholesterol is important in atherosclerosis, and since oxidation is catalyzed by iron, it has been hypothesized that the get iron stores of women reduce their risk of CAD through lessened lipid peroxide, a by-product of oxidation.     Numerous studies have been conducted to actually see if a kinship between serum iron or serum tr ansferrin, (serum iron concentration divided by total iron-binding capacity), and heart disease or myocardial infarction, (heart attacks) exists. Sempos and Looker, (1994) used a total of 4518 men and women to conduct the first study of its kind on the subject of iron and CAD. Frequent serum iron levels, collected from 1971-74, and followed up through 1987, showed the risk of CAD was not related to serum transferrin levels in white men or women. Indeed, an inverse association of total personify iron stores and overall mortality was shown, that is moderate to high serum transferrin associated with lower mortality.

Billy Budd Essay -- essays research papers

This drool depicts how a certain innocent person was condemned and was sentenced to expiry for a crime he did but with an innocent motive.The romance goes on around a certain persons life in a ship where he was said to be one of the crew. Billy as a acknowledgment depicted in the story is a person whose sinlessness can not be changed into hatred for other people. Though his surrounding is full of people with evil motives, he is still into trusting them with full innocence.Evilness beyond intelligenceSuch evilness is beyond the main characters understanding, and his being weak constitutes him to lose his sense of defending himself. With this state of the characters condition, some people around him tend to ill-treatment his weakness, such as the character which is depicted as an evil person in the story who?s Claggart.Claggart as an evil influence in the story caused Billy to use a brutal way to express Billy?s madness because he is speechless, Billy was then susceptible in m ake an attack due to the evil atmosphere on the ship.By Billy?s innocence, he was dragged to the wilderness of violence. It is beyond his comprehension that it is indeed the evil?s intention to ruin the goodness in his heart. Indeed the evilness had him off guard that had caused him to be condemned.The writer depicted his main character?s innocence as something to be really loved and liked by other people but also a personality which is something to be pitied almost. Billy depicting Jesus ChristIn simple but complex ways, the main character was said to be somehow depicting Jesus Christ?s sacrifice for the betterment of everyone. He was, as Jesus was condemned to death though they are both innocent. It is showed in the story that the main character?s in... ...could cause a certain person weakness and vulnerability that could be the main cause for him/her to be deprived by others by his own life.ThesisThis story only tends to show the readers how difficult it is to live in this wor ld full of evil forces thus a person like Billy is innocent about such thing. It depicts how a human would only suffer of his innocence in this kind of world.And that innocence is vulnerable to evilness and deprivation to life as the character was deprived of his life due to his innocence and lack of comprehension about evilness.Also that the law which is supposed to give justice, it is the one that deprives people by not considering a certain accused persons statement or side. The kind of law in the story is the one that manipulates a person to view the case in a right manner according to the true essence of justice (Melville, 1924).

Education: Past, Present, And Future :: essays research papers

Education Past, Present, and FutureEducation, without it we would all be mindless wonders wandering around theglobe. Education is an important factor in our lives, but the past, present, andfuture of culture is changing. And change it will until our education systemis the best in the world.     In the past, Education in America was plain and simple. Weve all heardthe stories of how our ancestors used to collapse to walk to school 5 miles in thesnow in the heat of summer. These shameless exagerations were meant for us tothink that school back in the "good ole age" was very dificult and surpassedthe level of difficulty students today have. In reality, school, although mostearly schools were combonation classes with a figure of age groups as students.Almost each individual was apt(p) an equal amount of personal help from theteacher. Also, life wasnt as complecated as they are now. One teacher wouldteach the whole class a limeted variety of subjects such as arithmatic andenglish. Education was just eaiser when it first became popular.     Nowadays, in the present, school not only is a place to learn, its aplace to stress out. As I walk through the halls all students seem to have thatacademic nervousness. If you listen to the conversations that go on in the hallits always, "Ohh my gosh, Becky Im going to have a fat cow I think Im instituteting a B in my chemistry class, and that is going to ruin my record."Pressure is constantly put upon students to get "straight As" It is very rarewhen a student will not shoot for an A on a quiz. Its human nature to succeed,but with the imperativeness put on us by the teachers, parents, peers, and colleges,its a heavy load to handle.     Now, scientists recently did an expiriment. They placed a child in aroom with close to brand new toys. They left him there for a couple of hours and hedid not act upon with them. The scientists puzzeled took the son aside and asked himwhy he did not play with the toys. The boy replied that he did not want to breakthem. So, scientists then took another child and placed him in a room filledwith clam manure. The boy was having fun swimming around in it, having a blastwith the horse manure. When the scientists asked the boy why he played with thehorse manure, the boy replied, "Well, with all of this horse manure, there has

Education: Past, Present, And Future :: essays research papers

schooling Past, Present, and FutureEducation, without it we would all be mindless wonders wandering some theglobe. Education is an important factor in our lives, but the past, present, andfuture of education is changing. And change it will until our education systemis the best in the world.     In the past, Education in America was plain and simple. Weve all heardthe stories of how our ancestors used to have to walk to school 5 miles in thesnow in the heat of summer. These unblushing exagerations were meant for us tothink that school back in the "good ole days" was very dificult and surpassedthe level of difficulty students today have. In reality, school, although mostearly schools were combonation classes with a variety of age groups as students.Almost each individual was given an equal amount of personal help from theteacher. Also, life wasnt as complecated as they be now. One teacher wouldteach the whole class a limeted variety of subjects such as a rithmatic andenglish. Education was just eaiser when it first became popular.     Nowadays, in the present, school non only is a place to learn, its aplace to stress out. As I walk through the halls all students seem to have thatacademic nervousness. If you list to the conversations that go on in the hallits always, "Ohh my gosh, Becky Im going to have a fat cow I think Imgetting a B in my chemistry class, and that is going to ruin my record."Pressure is constantly put upon students to get "straight As" It is very rarewhen a student will non crash for an A on a quiz. Its human nature to succeed,but with the pressure put on us by the teachers, parents, peers, and colleges,its a heavy load to handle.     Now, scientists latterly did an expiriment. They placed a sister in aroom with some brand new toys. They left him there for a couple of hours and hedid not play with them. The scientists puzzeled took the boy aside and ask ed himwhy he did not play with the toys. The boy replied that he did not want to breakthem. So, scientists then took another child and placed him in a room filledwith horse manure. The boy was having fun swimming around in it, having a blastwith the horse manure. When the scientists asked the boy why he played with thehorse manure, the boy replied, "Well, with all of this horse manure, there has

Article Analysis of Gasoline Consumption Essay

Gasoline is one of the most engageed resources that Americans count on to get us from point A to point B in our vehicles, and it is also utilize to help us heat our homes. Ethanol with petrol can be combined for a blended gasolene, which is better for some vehicles. The following information is from ii articles appropriate for this topic. In the first article, Trends in U.S. Gasoline and Ethanol Use, and Petroleum Production and Imports by Dr. Robert Wisner, a Biofuels Economist with the Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, states that several(prenominal) decades ago, the U.S. was a net exporter of petroleum products. However, that picture has changed dramatically in recent years as petrol consumption trended upward and environmental constraints on peeled wells plus declining production from existing wells failed to keep pace with rising domestic demand. U.S. energy policies in the early 1990s were altered to hike increased production of biofuels, in part because of a des ire to reduce the nations dependence on imported oil (Wisner, 2011). The demand for gasoline and oil is unbelievable.Some observers suggest that oil company collusion, anticompetitive mergers, or other anticompetitive conduct (not market forces) may be the primary cause of higher gasoline worths. If the market price of gasoline is higher than the equilibrium price, a negative slope in the demand and curve exit result. The negative slope of the demand curve for buyers will pissed that the measuring stick demanded will be less than the equilibrium quantity. A positive slope of the supply curve for sellers will mean that the quantity supplied will be greater than the equilibrium quantity hence the quantity supplied will be greater than the quantity demanded. If the market price of gasoline is below the equilibrium price will result in a negative slope and if that happens, the demand curve ensures that there will be a greater quantity demanded than at the equilibrium price. A positi ve slope of the supply curve ensures that there will be a smaller quantity supplied than at the equilibrium price.Hence the quantity demanded will exceed the quantity supplied. This excess demand will force consumers to spend more time feel for sellers who have the goods available, and to spend more time waiting in line if they do find a seller with the good. These search costs and queuing costs will lead some consumers to offer more for the good, and hence the price will tend to rise. Dr. Wisner also states in the article that future trends in the nations use of these fuels will depend on a number of factors including the health of the economy and employment levels, automotive technology, the rate at which consumers accept hybrid automobiles, and the disaster of a sharp increase in government-mandated fleet average fuel mileage requirements in the years ahead that has recently been advocated by administration officials. portmanteau word of ethanol with gasoline is mandated to in crease sharply in the 2012-2022 period (Wisner, 2011).Price elasticity of demand is elastic when the percentage change in demands is greater than the percent change in price. Inelastic is the opposite. So, I would have to say that gasoline is inelastic because the demand for gas is high and even though prices are rising, mountain are still buying gas, just not as frequently as they want to purchase. If there are substitutes (such as electricity or unstable fuel) for a gasoline usually will be elastic. If there are no substitutes it will be inelastic because it is a necessity.I know that no one is happy about gas prices rising, but everyone sure does get excited when the prices drop. When the price of gas increases, consumers will not purchase as much of the product as they would when prices decrease. In the second article, Explaining the variation in elasticity estimates of gasoline demand in the United States A meta-analysis by Molly Espey, make in Energy Journal states that E spey examined 101 different studies and found that in the short-run (defined as one year or less), the average price-elasticity of demand for gasoline is -0.26.That is, a 10 percent hike in the price of gasoline lowers quantity demanded by 2.6 percent. In the long-run (defined as longer than one year), the price elasticity of demand is -0.58 a 10 percent hike in gasoline causes quantity demanded to decline by 5.8 percent in the long run. In conclusion, if the price of gasoline continues to rise, there will be a decrease in the demand of the product. If the price decreases, there will be an increase in the demand of the product. When prices are high, demand is low and when prices are low, demand is high. The prices of gasoline will fluctuate because demand is always high.Referenceshttp//www.agmrc.org/renewable_energy/energy/trends-in-u-s-gasoline-and-ethanol-use-and-petroleum-production-and-importshttp//www.ftc.gov/reports/gasprices05/050705gaspricesrpt.pdf

Effect of Exercise on Squeezing a Clothespin

IntroductionDoes exercise make your muscles put ond? In my controlled experiment I investigated this problem. My hypothesis was If I rest first then I can squeeze the clothes peg more(prenominal) times My reason behind this is because during exercise I think you tire yourself out more, so resting forward squeezing could increase number of squeezes. Methods and Materials The materials I used in this experiment were 8 people (subjects) and 8 clothespins of the same type.First I recognized my dependent variable, how many another(prenominal) times you can squeeze clothespin, and my independent, exercise. I took a group of 8 classmates, excluding myself and instead including my younger brother. I decided to allow the control group also serve as the experimental group. The steps I took were to let the control group rest before starting, and then they squeezed the clothespin for one chip and counted how many times they could squeeze it. After that they rested for another minute, then exercised by jogging in place for one minute and after they immediately squeezed the clothespin.Results SubjectExperimental GroupControl GroupMegan 205 226Dane 277 307Nick B 209 235My younger brother 152 136Nick C 194 214Vinny 195 234Dan Average 192 280More subjects squeezed the pin more times resting first. The average of all the data shows this also. flavor at the graph its easier to see the takingss and compare them than the delay. The table does not show a visual comparison but shows the data and numerical information. The table takes longer to read and is harder to understand. The bar graph is easy to point out trends and patterns. The bars, exercising and resting give an easy understanding and show relationships in the data. They compare the disparate amounts of how many times the clothespin was squeezed with each subject.Discussion and ConclusionsExercise does make your muscles fatigued according to my data results. It also supports my hypothesis. If you rest first you c an squeeze the clothespin more times. From the data I collected the average of the eight people concluded exercise makes your muscles more fatigued and less able to squeeze the clothespin compared to resting before squeezing. Majority of the subjects used in my experiment concluded with this result too. Muscle fatigue occurs when the muscles soak up an increase in activity so certain bolt out products of muscle cell activity build up in the cells. This is could be true with the results I have concluded.Suggestions for Improvement and Further ResearchTo improve my experiment I could have changed the amount of time you rest squeeze the pin, how long you rest before exercising, how long you exercise, and what type of exercise is done. Changing some of these things could change my results, and result in some further research to be done. To improve my experiments accuracy I could have used more people and have everyone be the same age. A big error made was using my younger brother becau se being much younger he had results lower than many other subjects. Making some of these improvements could make my experiment more reliable. For further research I could research how age affects the hypothesis, or see how things like sexual activity or weight effects the results. Further investigation could help answer these questions.

Enron, the Smartest Guys in the Room Essay

Enron was involved in Ameri stubs largest corporate bankruptcy. It is a story about people, and in reality it is a tragedy. Enron made their stock sky rocket through unethical means, and in reality this company kept losing money. The primary value in operation(p) among the traders was greed, money, and how to make profits under any retainer. The traders thought that a good trader is a creative trader and the creative trader can bump any arbitrage opportunity. Arbitrage opportunity was defined for the trades as the opportunity to make abnormal profits.The traders rocked the tolls of electricity over the roof on the consumers accounts. Traders discovered that they could effect artificial shortages of electrical power so they could push the price of energy higher. With this strategy the west coast traders were able to make almost 2 trillion dollars for Enron. The traders n invariably stepped back and strikeed themselves if what they were doing was ethical it is in their long term interest does it help them if they tot all(prenominal)y defrauded California does it advanced their goal in nationwide deregulating?Instead, they have pulled from every loop they could have to get the profit from Californias misery. It was released in the court that traders knew they atomic number 18 doing something wrong. The traders that were not comfortable with Enrons agency had only two options. They could have protected themselves from the guild by leaving the company or stay in the game, and blindly follow the orders from the authorities. Those traders would not ask any questions because they were afraid that they would only confirm what they suspected would be true. Therefore, they tried to protect themselves from remorse.We need to ask what the motivation of traders to behave this way was. It was the vision of rich bonuses and Enrons ability to exploit the darker side of the traders. The traders lost their sense of moralisticity. Once the traders accepted the caprice of inhumanity it was acceptable for them to continue with their unethical behavior. The moral grasp is our natural tactile sensationing that makes people know what is remediate and wrong and how they should behave. If the working environment does not have moral standards and the individual is not strong decent to step aside, he/she will be drag down and lose their moral compasses.Some people lose their moral compasses and might not feel any responsibility for their actions, because a higher authority approved their action. The traders felt no responsibility on their accounts and accepted their unethical behavior because they had an approval from their chief operating officer Jeffrey Skilling. When I used to work for the banking industry I had an opportunity to see how people can change. The bonus and profit involvement was not at all similar to the ones of the traders from Enron, but the principle was said(prenominal).Once there was involvement of power from high level manageme nt, threat, or reward, people were able to change drastically their behavior. They did not care about clients money, property, and well-being because they were threatened of losing their job or blind by the bonuses and career growth visions. I was always curious if they would do the same thing to their family members. How would they behave if there was no client sitting in front of them but their mom or dad? Would they still try to persuade them to close some dirty deals by using those lying phrases that they were taught by their supervisors?I could have never understood how it is possible that some people are able to change their face so rapidly without any shame or guilt. I think everybody should treat people the same way how they postulate to be treaded. I did not care about the pay cut I had to take in my new job as long as I did not need to be involved in such unethical working environment like banking industry. It was my worst working experience ever and in the future I will do everything that I can to avoid working for an industry without moral standards.There is only one circumstance that might cause me to lose my moral compass, and that would be only if somebody would hurt a loved one. John Locke based his theory on moral rights. The people are free and equal and everybody owns their body and labor. The people own anything that was labored by them. However, people agree to form the authorities to protect their rights, indecency and property that would be otherwise be insecure and unsafe. In Lockes theory Enron should have not been allowed to be involved in deregulation, because government should be there to protect peoples property and rights.If the government stayed involved in electricity power regulation in California, Enron would not have so easily ripped California of $30 billion dollars. The government should also protect people that invested in Enron, especially employees 401k plans. Lockes natural rights are negative right and for Locke th e negative rights do not conflict with positive rights. Those rights imply that the trade should be free, which can cause inequality between people. For example large groups of ships company will stay poor compared to other groups that would grow even richer.Adam Smiths view of free market derives from utilitarian agreement. The greatest benefits would be produced by free market and private property. The buyers will look for lowest price possible and producers will sell to the buyers anything they want to for the lowest possible price. The market competition would drive the self-interested individuals which would serve society. Enron created fake shortages of the electrical power and since there was not too many suppliers to create market competition that allowed Enron to boost the price of their stock and manipulate the stock market.The criticism of Smiths argument is the fact that his vision is not accounting for the monopoly companies. Economist Keynes argued Smiths out of sig ht hand theory. He claimed that without government involvement the demand might not be high enough to absorb the supply. This approach would avoid unemployment and depression. We should not block off that government spending might not cure high unemployment but create inflation. Marx argued that capitalism is concentrating industrial power to the few individuals who organize workers for mass production.This can cause production surplus and economic depression, and replacement of workers by machines can create unemployment. The property should have served for the needs of all society. The social classes were determined by the way how society organized their workers. Enron would never be able to operate under capitalism. The company would be owned by the government and if there would be any discrepancy done it would never come up to the public. State should create mixed economy that would retain private property and market system. The government policies should remedy any deficiencie s.The intellectual property system should tend towards Lockes utilitarian system than Marxs socialist system. There should be a legal mix of Lockes, Marxs, Smiths, and Keynes philosophy and political views. We should follow Smith and Locke in their low level of government interaction, which would keep strong competition between businesses and benefits for society. Keynes idea would balance the supply-demand equilibrium, unemployment and inflation. And Marx vision would equalize and decrease the gap between social classes and provide support for retirees and disabled society.

Dbq Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation took place in Ger galore(postnominal) in the 16th century. During this time, Roman Catholic church service had a lot of power, and a priest called Martin Luther noticed their abuse of power. He decided to show peck how the perform was abusing of its power. He started by criticizing the sale of indulgences, and how priests, cardinals and even the Pope did not follow the teachings of the Bible. To criticize the Church, Luther wrote the 95 Theses and translated the Bible into German.This way, people could see how the Roman Catholic Church was not following the teachings of God. This ca apply a great controversy in Europe. He was accused of heretic and excommunicated from the Catholic Church. But some Germans, mostly peasants but in addition a few nobles, liked his teachings and agreed with him. The Holy Roman emperor butterfly told German princes to kill Luther, but instead, they decided to convert to Protestantism and follow Luther . The Emperor Charles V and the princes finally agreed that every German state was able to choose their own religion.This series of events are called the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation had political and kind impacts in Europe by promoting the idea of apparitional freedom, increasing the power of monarchs, and disseminationing of the idea of equality. One of the effects of the Protestant Reformation was the promotion of religious freedom. After this Reformation, each German State could choose which religion to practice. This treaty was concreted in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. It was signed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the German princes. 15.In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation let them (each German State) enjoy their religious belief, sacrament of the Eucharist and ceremonies. (Document 6) This document shows the part of the contract where the Holy Roman Emperor and German princes agreed in having a religious freed om in each State. This do Europe had more than only if a religion. During this time, there was not a Religious unity between German States within themselves and neither with the rest of Europe. different very important effect of the Protestant Reformation was the increase of power of the monarchs.During the 16th century, the Roman Catholic Church had a lot of power. Not m both monarchs were happy with their excess of power. With the Protestant Reformation, some monarchs saw the perfect opportunity to stop sharing power with the Roman Catholic Church. One example is pouf hydrogen VIII of England. the kings Majesty is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England. (Document 5) This is an excerpt taken from The encounter of Supremacy, a Parliamentary Act from 1534. King Henry VIII decided to break apart from the Roman Catholic Church, and this way, have absolute power in England.Being the politic and religious leader allowed him to spend less money and at the same time gain more. All the income from the Church was now his, and he did not have to pay this entity any taxes. Henry did not have to share the power with anyone else he was now an absolute ruler. Another impact the protestant Reformation had in Europe was the spread of the idea of equality. Catholicism already had this idea of all people being the same, but clearly they were not putting it into practice. Not even the Pope, who should have been a role model, was being humble and he even felt superior to the rest.In Luthers 95 Theses he says, 86. Why does not the Pope build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers? (Document 2) This thesis says that the Pope should not be greedy and take money from the poor. He should instead give his money to the poor. Luther says that the Pope is not superior from the rest of the believers and should contribute economically to the Church, just as the rest of the people did. Another of his t heses says, 37. all(prenominal) True Christian has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church . (Document 2) In this specific thesis, Luther is criticizing the sale of indulgences. He says that there? s no hire to buy indulgences because every Christian, rich or poor, is the same to the eyes of God. One should do good actions, rather than buying indulgences, to go to heaven, and these actions should be done by the common people, the priests and even the Pope. The Protestant Reformation clearly had religious impacts on Europe, but it also had social and political effects. Even though Luther criticized the Roman Catholic Church, his ideas were used by political figures to be able to get rid of the oppression of the Church.The promotion of the religious freedom is both a political and a social impact. The division from the Church and the German States is political, while the ability to choose which religion to practice is social. The increase of the power of the monarchs is a political impact. The fact that Henry VIII was the religious and political leader in England meant he had absolute power. The spread of the idea of equality is social because it means to say common people are the same as the Pope. These social and political changes later lead to many things that are used nowadays.The idea of religious freedom is an idea that stiff nowadays. Today, every person has the right to choose its religion, not like before which was every State. The idea of equality between all people was an idea that was used in the French Revolution and of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens. The increase in the power of the monarchs led to the later Age of Absolutism. These three ideas shaped the world into what it is today. They helped understand the world be what it is today.

How war dehumanizes people Essay

During the warfare hatful were deprived of their everyday necessities and also their living conditions, They neer got the luxury of sleeping in big warm clean beds or even clean clothes therefore changing the modality they act and the way look at things such as murder. During the war you go through the trenches and fields watching people die, and even killing people themselves. Everyday people would not be able to just sit there and watch someone as they slowly die. The narrator of this novel, Charles Yale Harrison was enlisted in the war. Charles explained everything that went on during is outings, some of which were graceful harsh and intense I could only imagine some of the things that he probably was not allowed saying. Charles had a few main buddies whom stuck by his side and fought with him. In this novel he tells us the things he saw some of the things he explained were pretty gory, for example he watched people as their flesh tore shoot and blood gushed everywhere.War de finitely dehumanizes people for the most part. Soldiers dont have as much sympathy for the people who are dying its almost as if they really dont care but being that must be kind of necessary for a soldier because you potfult really sit there and cry over a friend who is dying while your enemies were slowly creeping up on your base. During war you do things you never thought you could ever do in your lifetime such as stabbing someone in the stomach or guess a man in the face. I lunge forward aiming at his stomach. It is a lightning instinctive moment. The thrust jerks my body something heavy collides with the point of my weapon. Charles says. I enquiry Charles would have ever been able to do this without spending months in war, with the same platoon and even watching them all slowly die.

What happened to the Mt Helen?

deal St. Helens, located in southwestern Washington nigh 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, is one of numerous volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest the range extends from Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia, Canada, to Lassen Peak in northern California. Geologists c wholly told Mount St. Helens a composite volcano (or stratovolcano), a term for steep sided, frequently symmetrical cones constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris.Composite volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and pose considerable danger to nearby life and property. In contrast, the gently sloping shield volcanoes, much(prenominal) as those in Hawaii, typically erupt nonexplosively, producing limpid lavas that can flow great distances from the active vents. Although Hawaiian-type eruptions may destroy property, they rarely cause death or injury.Before 1980, snow-capped, gracefully symmetrical Mount St. Helens was know as the Fujiyama of America. Mount St. Helens, other active Cascade volcanoes, and those of Alaska form the North American segment of the circum-Pacific Ring of Fire, a notorious zone that produces frequent, often destructive, earthquake and volcanic activity. (1)Basic Data Location South central Washington State (Cowlitz County). Latitude 4620 N Longitude 12218 W. imageStratovolcano Size comparison Mt. St. Helens is the smallest of the five major volcanoes in Washington State, and also the youngest of these. Its last eruption was 123 years earlier. Elevation 9,677 feet before 8,363 feet after 1,314 feet removed chief(prenominal) Eruption may 18, 1980, 832 a.m. (Pacific time)Pyroclastic flow speed at least 300 miles per hour (some material traveled much faster). Pyroclastic flow temperature As high as 1,300 degrees F (700 degrees C) Energy released 24 megatons thermal energy (7 by blast, rest through release of heat) 50 times more stringy than the Hiroshima atomic blast. Landslide note The lands lide is the Worlds largest recorded event EVER Ash plume height Reached about 80,000 feet in less than 15 transactions Ash cloud dispersal Spread across U.S. in 3 days circled Earth in 15 days. Deaths At least 60-65 persons, and thousands of animals, birds, and insects.(2)On May 18, 1980, at 832 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time, a magnitude 5.1 earthquake shook Mount St. Helens, releasing an enormous burst of energy, instantly transforming a peaceful wilderness into a hellish landscape. As soon as the eruption was over, the process of rebirth and renewal began. The mountain is still in the set off after 20 years. Come and see the story of this amazing wonder of nature in this commemorative of the anniversary of the day that chaos reigned.October 1, 2004 Mount St. Helens natural action Increases. We probably will not see an event to match the 1980 eruptions of this now-famous volcano, but recent activity has intensified and researchers are watching closely.What did we meet from it?W e can learn some facts from it.(1) An active volcano can be destructive at any point of time. So you have to be very careful about that. (2) You just can not predict what exactly going to happen in nature. (3) We should except one thing what ever we have achieved in accomplishment and technology or whatever, NATURE IS THE BOSS AND WILL ALWAYS BEWhy earth science is important to people?Earth science affects all our lives. Our landscape has been shaped by natural processes such as tectonics, weathering, and biological activity over billions of years. We use natural materials everyday, everything from building stone and oil to metals such as iron, copper and gold, and even diamonds have all been extracted from the ground. Natural hazards such as volcanoes, earthquakes, floods and droughts can dramatically affect lives. Earth science is the study of all these processes, put simply it is the study of our planet.Understanding how our planet works is essential if we are to properly mana ge our environment, and if we are to predict how the environment will mixture in the future. Earth scientists can monitor changes in our environment, model our impact on the environment and suggest solutions to our environmental problems. Environmental issues being studied by earth scientists include, the effects of water extraction from our rivers, the distribution of pollutants in the landscape and the environmental impact of industrial activity, such as mining and landfill.Natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes and floods are responsible for many deaths, and for the loss of many more homes and livelihoods. Increased knowledge of natural hazards will improve predictions of the occurrence and scale of these potentially life threatening events, giving people a chance to prepare.(4)REFERENCES(1) The history of Mt Helen is interpreted from http//www.weathersage.com/storms/mthelen/sited on May 18,2007(2) Basic data of Mt Helen is taken fromhttp//ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl /guides/msh.html sited on May 18,2007(3) Why earth science is important to people? Is taken fromhttp//www.nerc.ac.uk/research/areas/earth/importance.asp sited on May 18,2007

A World at Arms: A World War II Book Review Essay

Abstract This appropriate authored by a coarse historian Gerhard L. Weinberg is exception whollyy create verb completelyy with impressive re search. It integrated all the aspects of war diplomatic, political, economic, and even cultural. In addendum, the confine has given an overview of how the diametrical theatres of beingness War II are interconnnected. This paper explores on the author as an expert of this time period, on the admit as an account of bill, and its impact to the world.A arena at Arms A initiation War II Book ReviewAn Overview The truth about wars is that umpteen situations would always be concealed and altered. There are numerous instances where events that transpired were never recorded, and many evidences were deliberately destroyed. Therefore weaving the entire tragedy is a very difficult task, and people could only carefully integrate the pieces together, whether they fit or not. public War II is exceptionally difficult for many historians for it is composed of many different theatres, for indeed the world was ultimately at war. The author of A World at Arms A Global History of World War II Gerhard L. Weinberg has done the next to impossible, to write a single volume that ecompasses all the aspects of war, without sacrificing its value as a piece of literature. Gerhard L. Weinberg is an expert historian who has enough authority to write about this period of the greatest war in the narrative of mankind. He has previously written a duely recognized ii-volume account of the diplomatic affairs of Adolf Hitler. He is also credited for discovering and editing the second published hold up of Hitler. Not only is he well versed on this global conflict, he is also largely exposed on extensive archives including those of the Americans, the British, and the Germans which were of great addition to his books. These primary sources characterized his book with much freshness and color in comparison to other works with the same relevance (Weinberg, 1994). This book contains accounts that include all of the six continents. It largely discussed the details of the war, its causes, and its effect on the world. Moreover, its timeline extends from 1939 until the end of war, and even including chapters that reflected the wretched aftermath of this conflict. This is a narrative that dissected the war into the different roles of diplomacy, espionage, land, and sea battles on the total outcome of the Second World War It is a relevant source of the weaponry use, military tactics, naval seacrafts, and even different aircrafts used in various offensives. This book is not confined within the overall military and diplomatic chaos that occurred during those times, for this piece of literature has also explored on the gravitation of the situations in the Eastern Front and of the Jewish holocaust (Weinberg, 1994). The book tackled interesting insights that are two amusing and surprising. Such information includes the reduction of A merican and British troops after the First World War, maintaining only a size comparable to that specified for the Germans by the Treaty of Versailles. Another thought provoking fact is that the British and the French failed to attempt to enter the war. It is basically an interwoven story of different stories. Stories are sometimes characterized by delaying the inevitable, strategic mistakes, and too much assent towards neutrality that they ignored, consciously or not, that Hitler really wanted a World War that would give him his Thousand Year Reich (Weinberg, 1994). The book has also given tenseness on the different geographical and logistic significance that affected decisions in warfare. Examples include the impact of the Allied invasion during the landing in Normandy, as the house was a crucial port for the Germans. Southern ports were also seized by Allied troops, and this greatly benefitted their European campaign once they settled their military, naval, and air forces in F rance. The book also presented Hitlers fixation on blood and loot in the East (Weinberg, 1994). Moreover, the author elaborated on the different preprations done by the Allied, and how they incorporated necessary deceptions for the enemy. Because of these ploys, Germany opted to invade Russia, as Hitler perceived it as an easier target compared to England (Weinberg, 1994).Purpose or earreach for the book The primary focus that the author wishes to present to his audience is that this Second World War is brought upon the world by the Germans. They initiated and started this largest conflict in mans history, which extended across oceans and continents. It is fundamentally an account of how the Germans caused the wars outbreak in September of 1939 and how the Germans were defeated on the year 1945. This book is especially interesting to those in search of a book with accurate and particularised details of World War II (Weinberg, 1994). Even those who do not possess inclination toward s historical subjects would enjoy this book presented in a demeanor apart form the regular academic and scholarly approach. It does not have the dessicated and dragging encyclopedic tone as it was written with much moral passion. This book is of great importance to each historical account of the World War II written after it. Authors couldn ot ever afford to not include this masterpiece in their reference list, as it contains most of the commonly loven, the controversial, and even the great secret stories of the war (Weinberg, 1994). The book is an account that has successfully interwoven the different narratives of both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of war. They were integrated instead of being dealt with separately. This book discussed what others rarely encompass, the histories of America and Britain, the military fronts of Russia and China, and the Italian and Balkan countries. This book does not only cater to those who did not encounter the war, as it is also useful to t hose who and existed and were very familiar of the events before, during, and after World War II (Weinberg, 1994).Physical and Textual description In addition to the texts, the book also includes an additional 180 pages containing the endnotes, a detailed bibliographic essay, and 23 relevant maps. However, it is quite noticeable that this book lacks graphic illustrations and photographic credential of the different events of the war. It is very much wanting of a comprehensive presentation of the different key battles that dictated the course of war. The book only contains two pictures study pictures and four historical icons of the war, and they are each located at the books cover and spine (Weinberg, 1994).Your reaction and evaluation As a personal assessment, I find the book to be a very interesting and well written documentary of the Second World War I hope that it is a ver powerful piece of narrative that attests to all the impact that this war has brought upon mankind. In t he most possible concise way of writing the entire war in a single book, I believe that the author has done a tremendous job in conveying to the reader the importance of every aspect that comprises a war, without being too detailed and boring.Using his simple prose composition in laying out to the reader the causes, the events, and the consequences of the war, Weinberg has successfully integrated the two theaters of war. It is however unfortunate that his concentration is evidently towards the Atlantic Theater, but due to the purpose of writing a single volume, I believe that he has utilised the pages well. Every word in the book is of great importance, and he did not include miniscule details that would only make the text wordy and slight interesting to the reader (Weinberg, 1994). The author also demonstrated great knowledge on the subject matter, as he not only related item details from the war, but also conducted in depth analyses on the different policies imposed to the peopl e existing those times. He also thoroughly presented to the reader the different mistakes and failures of the German military and government, and related the consequences of the blunders the Germans suffered to the Allied victory (Weinberg, 1994). I can very well agree to the notion that the author wishes to convey. He insisted that the Second World War is a very novel entity, for no other war has reached such vast geographic extent or political and military scale. The book is a very clear narrative, which resembles a compilation of different symposia and lectures. The author used a very comprehensive language that would not intimidate nor differentiate any vocabulary and speech level. It has enough clarity and has successfully deployed its thoughts and arguments without sacrificing the integration of the necessary points to allow a reader understand the entire course of history (Weinberg, 1994).Conclusion There is tremendous pain and suffering in the face of destruction brought ab out by war. Many civilians and soldiers alike are left in social and economic displacement, as the war has robbed them of the promising future they once had prior its outbreak. Those who have not witnessed the ravaging of war do not know its nature. But because of books such as this World War II account, readers are given a glimpse of the events that transpired and the difficulty that everyone encountered. War is a serious condescension and a complicated operation. And because of Weinbergs attempt to provide the reader the truth he deserves, we are now equipped with a masterpiece that would tell our generation and the generations to come the truth of what really happened.ReferencesWeinberg, G. L. (1994). A World at Arms A Global History of World War II. New York

Modes of Acceptance

An toleration must be died for it to be effective and effectual. The cordial as direct of both parties is not required merely the external manifestation should exist. The acceptor must dos something in suppose to notify his acceptation. For example, he should communicate his credenza of the byeor. This tin be illustrated in the baptistery of Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 666. In this case, the suspects had for some years supplied the complainants with coals. It was suggested by the defendants that a deoxidize should be entered into between them.After their cistrons had met, the terms of the agreement were drawn up by the plaintiffs agent and sent to the defendants. The head of the defendants firm filled up certain parts of the agreement which had been left blank, inserted the name of the proposed arbitrator, wrote canonic at the end of the page, and signed his own name. The defendants agent sent the document back to the plaintiffs agent, who upch uck it in his desk. Nothing further was d wiz to execute the agreement. For some time, both parties acted in accordance with the arrangements declargond in the document.Subsequently, the defendants declined to continue the tag on of coals in this appearance. The plaintiffs brought an action for damages for br severally of contract. The defendants denied the existence of any contract for the supply of coals. the House of Lords held that there was no bankers borrowing of the allow. Although there may be mental assent, the act of the plaintiffs agent giveting the document into his desk would not amount to converse of the bridal. However, the House of Lords held that by virtue of the course of dealing of the parties in the ordering and supply of the coals, much(prenominal) conduct amounted to an acceptance.The communication of an offer and an acceptance, which atomic number 18 the requirements of a valid agreement, is declared in component 3 of the Contracts mould 1950. It was described that the communication of proposals, the acceptance of proposals, and the revocation of proposals and acceptances, respectively, are deemed to be cite by any act or omission of the party proposing, accepting, or revoking, by which he intends to communicate the proposal, acceptance, or revocation, or which has the effect of communicating it. Communication of an acceptance is also illustrated in the Contracts Act 1950.It was described in Section 4(2) of the Contracts Act 1950 when the communication of acceptance go forth be discern. It was stated in Section 4(2)(a) that the communication of acceptance against the proposer is complete, when it is put in the course of transmission to him, so as to be surface of the power of the acceptor. It was stated in Section 4(2)(b) that the communication of acceptance as against the acceptor is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person whom it is made to who is the proposer.This is further explained in Illustration (b) that the communication of the acceptance is complete as against A, the proposer, when the letter is roleed and as against B, the acceptor, when the letter is acquire by A, the proposer. Besides that, Section 9 of the Contracts Act also describes the fashion of acceptance. It provides that as far as an acceptance is made in words, the cry is said to be express. If the acceptance is made other(a)wise than in words, the promise is then said to be implied. Thus, an acceptance can be made through conduct.Section 8 of the Contracts Act provides for such acceptance where it is through the performance of conditions in a proposal. This can be influencen in the case of Carlill v Carbolic so-and-so B entirely Co 1892 2 QB 484 1893 1 QB 256. In this case, , the defendant, a proprietor of a medical supply called The Carbollic Smoke Ball publishd an advertisement offering to pay a sum of money to person who promise influenza even after(prenominal) using the ball in the enjoind man ner and time. Defendant banked in a sum of money to gain the confidence of the public.Plaintiff bought and used the ball in the manner prescribed and caught influenza. She claimed for the compensation but the defendant refused to compensate her. She then sued the defendant. Defendant contended that the advertisement was a mere(prenominal) puff and was not intended to create a hold backing obligation. court of Appeal held that an offer can be made to the world and it becomes a contract when any person performs the condition. It was also mentioned in Section 7(b) of the Contracts Act that where the mode of cceptance is specified in the offer, the acceptor must communicate his acceptance in that mode. If no mode is specified, acceptance by any usual and sane manner which shows the acceptors intention to accept is sufficient. There are a few types of communication of acceptance. First is via identify or telegram. There is a difficulty in this type os communication of acceptance due to the time lag between sending and receiving and in situations where the acceptance is not accredited by the offerer without the fault of either party.The general dominion at common law is that acceptance is complete when it is brought to the punctuate of the offeror. But it was stated in the beamal eclipse that an acceptance is complete when the letter containing such acceptance is targeted, or when the telegram containing such acceptance is hand in. This can be seen in the case of Househ obsolescent Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance v Grant (1879) 4 EX D 216 41 LT 298, CA.In this case, the defendant made an exercise for shares in the plaintiffs companion under circumstances from which it must be implied that he authorised the confederacy, in the event of their allotting to him the shares use for, to send the notice of allotment by post. The company did allot him the shares, and posted a letter duly addressed to him containing the notice of allotment, but it was fou nd as a fact that the letter never reached its speech. The defendant never paid the price of the shares as stated in the application.Subsequently, the company went into liquidation and the official telephone receiver applied for the unpaid price of the shares from the defendant. The defendant declined to pay on the ground that he was not a shareholder. The Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment of Lopes J and held that the defendant was liable as a shareholder. In this case, the Court applied the postal rule. Thus, the communication of the companys acceptance of the defendants application for, and allotment of shares which was sent by post was complete once it was posted.Thesiger J explained the rationale of the postal rule as follows I see no better mode than that of treating the post bureau as the agent of both parties But if the post office be such common agent, then it seems to me to follow that, as soon as the letter of acceptance is stick outed to the post office, the cont ract is made as complete and final and absolutely binding as if the acceptor had put his letter into the hands of a messenger sent by the offerer himself as his agent to deliver the offer and receive the acceptance.I am not prepared to admit that the implication in indecision will lead to any great or general inconvenience or hardhip. An offerer, if he chooses, may always make the formation of the contract which he proposes dependent upon the actual communication to himself of the acceptance. If he trusts to the post he trusts to a cerebrates of communication which, as a rule, does not fail, and if no say to his offer is standard by him, and the way out is of importance to him, he can make inquiries of the person to whom his offer was addressed.On the other hand, if the contract is not finally reason, except in the event of the acceptance actually range the offerer, the door would be opened to the perpetration of much fraud, and, putting aside this consideration, considerable hinder in commercial transactions, in which despatch is, as a rule, of the greatest consequence, would be occasioned for the acceptor would never be on the whole safe in acting upon his acceptance until he had received notice that his letter of acceptance had reached its destination.The application of the postal rule can also be seen in the case of Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1B & Ald 681. In this case, the defendants, who were dealers of wool, had on kinfolk 2, written to the plaintiffs, woollen manufacturers, offering to sell to them a number of fleeces. They required an cause in course of post. The letter was mis enjoin by the defendants, and consequently was not received by the plaintiffs until kinsfolk 5. On the same evening, the plaintiffs wrote an answer, agreeing to accept the offer on the terms proposed.The acceptance did not reach the defendants until September 9. On September 8, the defendants, not having received an answer on September 7, as they had expected, sold the wool, to a third party. The Court applied the postal rule of acceptance and held that the acceptance was complete as against the defendants on September 5. For example, prior to the revocation of their offer through the sale of the wool to the third party on September 8.The Court held that if the rule was that no contract could be formed until the acceptance was actually received, no contract could ever be completed for if the defendants were not bound by their offer till the answer was received, the plaintiffs ought not to be bound till after they had received the notification that the defendants had received their answer and assented to it, and so it might go on ad infinitum. An acceptance should be made in the usual and reasonable manner. It can be seen in the case of Henthon v Fraser1892 2 Ch 27.In this case, the claimant received a punctuate from the defendant with an offer to purchase a certain property at bottom 14 days. The claimant responded to the offer with an accepta nce posted the next day via mail. The defendant withdrew the offer to begin with receiving the acceptance, but after the acceptance was posted. Court of Appeal inferred that both parties would lot as lookd that the letter be sent by post. Lord Herschell stated In the present case an authority to accept by post must be implied.Although the Plaintiff received the offer at the Defendants office in Liverpool, he resided in another townspeople, and it must have been in contemplation that he would take the offer, which by its terms was to remain open for some days, with him to his place of residence, and those who made the offer must have known that it would be according to the ordinary usages of mankind that if he authentic it he should communicate his acceptance by means of the post where the circumstances are such the acceptance is complete as soon as it is posted.In the case of Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 1974 1 WLR 155. In this case, the defendant issued a grant to sell a pr operty at 571 High Road, Wembley. It contained a article stipulating that there must be notice in writing within six months in order to exercise the option. The claimants sent a letter exercising the option. It was lost in the mail and was never received by the defendant. The Court placed much emphasis on the meaning of notice which must mean that it must be known or intimated to the vendor who never was since the letter carrying the information went astray.Lawton Lj referred to the postal rule but held that it would not apply if the offer expressly specifies that the acceptance must reach the offeror and if application of the rule causes manifest inconvenience and absurdity. In the case of Lee Seng Heng & Ors v Guardian sanction Co Ltd 1932 MLJ17. In this case, the plaintiffs insured their stock in trade with the defendants against fire. Subsequently, a fire broke out on the insured premises and the plaintiffs made a claim under the policy.The defendants solicitors wrote to the pl aintiffs saying that on the participation of the fire, the policy had ceased to exist as they had previously written to the plaintiffs cancelling the policy. This letter was never received by the plaintiffs as there was no post office at Buloh Kasap. The nearest post office was at the town of Segamat and the practice at Segamat was to send a postman to Buloh Kasap only when the amount of correspondence justified a special journey. The letter in question had been kept at Segamat and had only been brought to Buloh Kasap by the postman after the fire.As the plaintiffs premises had been burnt down, the addressee could not be found. Munson CJ stated that The only point, therefore, left for me to decide is whether the post was properly used here as an agent by the Defendants in sending their letter of the twenty-seventh March. The Plaintiffs acted from Buloh Kasap five miles from Segamat which is some 125 miles from Singapore and some 50 miles from Malacca. It is difficult to see how the y were ordinarily to communicate if not by post I hold as Farwell J. did in Bruner v.Moore, that the parties in this case contemplate that the post might be used as a means of communicating on all subjects connected with the contract. In these circumstances it is clear that the sender of the letter is not responsible for any delay in the post I hold, therefore, that the rescission of the policy was effected at the moment that the letter of the twenty-seventh March was posted, that is on the 27th March, 1931, and that the policy was non-existent at the date of the fire. The second mode of communication is via teleprinter or telephone.Communications through the telex and telephone are different from posting and the postal acceptance rule does not apply. They are considered instantaneous communication where parties are regarded to be in each others presence and is complete only when it is received. It can be seen in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far easternmost Corporation 1955 2 QB 327. In this case, the plaintiffs were an English company and the defendants were an American corporation with agents all over the world, including a Dutch company in Amsterdam.The plaintiffs wished to make a contract with the defendants Dutch agents for the purchase of copper cathodes from the defendants. A series of communications passed by telex between the plaintiffs and the Dutch company, the material one being a counter-offer made by the plaintiffs on September 8, 1954, and an acceptance of that offer by the Dutch agents on behalf of the defendants received by the plaintiffs in London by telex on September 10, 1954. The plaintiffs later alleged that there had been a breach of contract by the defendants.They applied for leave to serve notice of a writ on the defendants in New York on the ground that the contract was made in England and, therefore, fell within the Rules of the Supreme Court. The defendants contended that the contract was made in Holland. The Court ruled that the communication through telex in this case was instantaneous and the contract was made at the place where acceptance was received, in this case, in London. Denning LJ considered the matter in stages.First is, when a contract is made by post it is clear law passim the common law countries that the acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is put into the post box, and that is the place where the contract is made. But there is no clear rule about contracts made by telephone or by telex. Second is communications by these means are virtually instantaneous and stand on a different footing. The problem can only be solved by going in stages. Let me first consider a case where two people make a contract by word of mouth in the presence of one another.The communication of telex acceptances was also applied in Brinkibon Ltd v Stuhag Stahl 1983 2 AC 34, HL. In this case, Brinkibon was a London company that purchased steel from Stahag, a seller based in Austria. Brinkibon sent their acce ptance to a Stahag offer by Telex to Vienna. Brinkibon later wanted to issue a writ against Stahag and applied to serve an out of legal power party. They would only be able to do so if the contract had been formed in England. The question at issue was where the contract was formed.The House of Lords held that the contract was made in Vienna. The next mode of communication is acceptance by conduct. In the case of Taylor v Allon 1966 1 QB 304 , the appellants motorcar had been insured by an insurance company called The Federated Employers Insurance Association Ltd, the policy expiring on April 5, 1964. He obtained a temporary cover greenback for 30 days from a new insurance company on April 16. It was found as a fact that on the expiration of the old policy he never intended to renew it with the old insurance company.His old insurance company sent him a temporary cover note for 15 days from April 6. Where parties conduct themselves in a manner which indicates that they consider thems elves bound by an agreement between them, a contract will be held to have come into existence. In the case of Woon Yoke Lin v United Estate-Projects Berhad 1998 4 AMR 4052, the High Court held that the defendants, had accepted the plaintiffs offer to rent a kiosk in Subang Parade which was owned by the defendants.The Court referred to the following five expressions of conduct of the defendants first, they did not reply within 14 days (the booking form stated that if the plainitifs application was not accepted the deposit would be refunded within 14 days) secondly, they accepted the booking fees and paid this sum into their own account thirdly, they did not return this sum of money within 14 days as provided in the booking form fourthly, they could have rejected the tenancy agreement and the money which accompanied it upon receipt of these items, but they kept it and fifthly, instead of rejecting the plaintiffs offer, they negotiated with the plaintiff to relocate. In EMS Bowe (M) S dn Bhd v KFC Holdings (M) Bhd & Anor 2000 1 AMR 677, the plaintiffs submitted a tender for some works to the defendants. Subsequently, the second defendant issued to the plaintiffs a draft letter of award for the works and had also instructed the plaintiffs to order in advance materials for the works.The plaintiffs ordered the materials but the award was given to another contractor. The High Court held that a draft offer acted upon by one party with the knowledge and concurrence of the other party has converted it into a written agreement and therefore there was a valid and binding contract in this case. The next mode of acceptance is acceptance by performing conditions stipulated in offer. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1892 2 QB 484 1893 1 QB 256, the Court of Appeal held that Mrs Carlill had indicated her acceptance by performing the conditions set out in the advertisement. In this case, Mrs Carlill had promise influenza after using the smoke balls in the manner specified in the advertisement.The defendants submission that Mrs Carlill did not inform them of her intention to accept their offer of the reward was rejected by the Court. It was held that Mrs Carlill had accepted the offer by performing the conditions stated in the offer. This mode of acceptance is recognised in s 8 of the Contracts Act that performance of the conditions of a proposal is an acceptance of the proposal. There is also acceptance by silence. An issue that arises is whether silence can amount to an acceptance. In Fraser v Everett (1899) 2 SLJ 81 (1889) 4 Ky 512, the Court held that the defendant who had contracted for the transfer of scrip was empower to obtain what he had bargained for and could not be compelled to accept a bearer-warrant.It was the plaintiffs argument that, by not replying to the brokers letter of April 25 informing him that the certificates were being exchanged for bearer-warrants, the defendant must be taken to have waived this objection. The Court held that there is rule of law like the saying Silence gives accede applicable to mercantile contracts. In this case, the omission to reply does not constitute a waiver. In the case of Felthouse v Bindiey (1862) 11 CBNS 869 142 ER 1037, the plaintiff wrote to his nephew offering to buy the nephews horse and adding that If I hear no more about him, I consider the horse is mine at 301. 15s. The nephew did not reply and no money was paid. The horse remained in the nephews possession.Six weeks afterwards, the defendant, an auctioneer who was employed by the nephew to sell his farming stock, was directed by the nephew to reserve the horse in question, as it had already been sold, but by mistake had put it up with the rest of the stock and sold it. The plaintiff sued for conversion of the horse and the issue arose whether there was -a reason contract between the plaintiff and his nephew for the sale of the horse. The Court held that there was none. Although the nephew had intended to sell the horse to the plaintiff at the price at which the plaintiff had named, this was not communicated and silence did not amount to an acceptance. Willes J stated It stood an open offer he nephew in his own mind intended his uncle to have the horse at the price which he had named 15s but he had not communicated such intention to his uncle, or done anything to bind himself . In the case of Re Selectmove Ltd 1995 2 All ER 531, CA the Court of Appeal gave its view that silence could be interpreted as acceptance in exceptional circumstances. Peter Gibson LJ stated where the offeree himself indicates that an offer is to be taken as accepted if he does not indicate to the contrary by an discoverable time, he is undertaking to speak if he does not want an agreement to be concluded. I see no reason in principle why that should not be an exceptional circumstance such that the offer can be accepted by silence. But it is unnecessary to express a concluded view on this point.Lastly is the mode of a cceptance stipulated by the offeror. An offeror may prescribe the mode of acceptance. In Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial & General Investments Ltd, 1970 1 WLR241, Buckley J move guidelines on this matter. If an offeror stipulates by the terms of his offer that it may, or that it shall, be accepted in a particular manner a contract results as soon as the offeree does the stipulated act, whether it has come to the notice of the offeror or not. In such a case the offeror conditionally waives either expressly or by implication the normal requirement that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror to conclude a contract.If an offeror, who by the terms of his offer insists on acceptance in a particular manner, he is entitled to insist that he is not bound unless acceptance is effected or communicated in that precise way, although if the other party communicates his acceptance in some other way, the offeror may by conduct or otherwise waive his right to insist o n the prescribed regularity of acceptance. In the case of in Manchester Diocesan Council of Education was referred to in Yates Building Co Ltd v RJ Pulleyn & Sons (York) Ltd. In this case, the respondents granted the appellants options to purchase one-third portions of land. The option clause shall be exercisable by notice in writing such notice to be sent by registered or enter delivery post to the registered office of Pulleyns or the offices of their said solicitors. However, this notice was sent by ordinary post and not by registered or recorded delivery post.It arrived before the expiry date but the respondents solicitors replied that the requirement that the notice be sent by registered or recorded delivery post had not been- fulfilled and returned the cheque. Lord Denning MR held that where the offeror has prescribed a particular method of acceptance, but not in terms insisting that only acceptance in that mode shall be binding, acceptance communicated to the offeror by an y other mode which is no less advantageous to him will conclude the contract. In conclusion, acceptance should be communicated and there are various modes of communication of an acceptance. This is to ensure that the communication of acceptance is complete and there is a valid contract between two parties.

Bretton Woods Institutions

The human macrocosm fight two had far establishing consequences on the social, sparingal, technological and political aspects of the principal(prenominal) combatants. The worst pip nations included the European nations and Japan. Technological and economical schemas of these nations either collapsed or were left in precise curt states. There was an inordinate loss of life on a very astronomic scale, additionally, the wanton quellder of property including industries, public and private property was previously unimaginable.As the war subsided, different parties were thinking of establishing a placement that would facilitate the reconstruction of the affected economies in Europe and Japan. Indeed, even as the war continued, delegates representing several countries converged in Bretton woods New Hampshire (USA) in 1944 and established the Bretton Woods Agreement. These arrangements were aimed at assisting in the reconstruction of the major economic systems ravaged by the war. The delegates signed the Bretton woods agreements in July 1945 and established the IMF, the macrocosm till and the general agreement on tariffs and guile (GATT).This paper examines the role of Bretton woods institutions in the reconstruction of the European and Asian economies quest the end of military man war two. The paper especially focuses on the objectives, the role, the fulfilment and the shortcomings of the universe Bank in the back reality war two point in prison term between 1945 and 1955. Aims and objectives of the orbit Bank The valet Bank was formalized on December 27th 1945 when 28 of the particle states ratified the Bretton woods agreement Milward, A. S. (1984).The main arm of the earth Bank that was or so active in the post foundation war two was the transnationalistic Bank for reconstruction and tuition (IBRD). The core aims of the institution are set out on its inceptions were To pay reconstruction projects in the countries ravaged by war . This was done through the provision of bringwords to these economies at very low rates of interest Nicholas, C. and Toniolo, G. (1996). The loans were meant to facilitate reconstruction through investment activities that had high likely of generating income.Some of the areas to which loan money was noteed were the agriculture research and development, areas of human development such as education, health and recreation (Sports). Infrastructural development was also targeted to benefit from the loans since the war had brought most systems to their knees. Roads, railways, expressionports, Seaports, Communication networks as well as Electrification networks were rebuilt through foundation Bank loans. In 1947 the knowledge base Bank extended $ 250,000,000 loan to France for reconstruction and this remains the biggest amount of loan extended to a ace state World Bank Webite-www.imf. org/archives. To finance the rebuilding of industries in order to incite technological developme nt among the European states and Japan. The post foundation war two period also provided numerous activities for industrial growth and development of innovation culture that had been fueled by the war. Areas such as Air industry, weaponry industry, Communication industry as well as the Motor industries among others provided opportunities for investment and development Axel, D. (2004). To try ways of raising funds for development by issuing securities in the transnational financial markets. To hike private, local and foreign investment that was deemed worthwhile. This was done in collaboration with the particular states government as the guarantor of the loan. To pass by financial advisory services to member countries. The World Bank endeavored to give these financial services through provision of information and such in the areas of business development and finance Hanson, J. L. (1972). To give grants as well as reviewing loan status of the member states. To give loans to f und particular proposition projects.These were projects that were considered vital to the economies of member countries. To provide monitoring and evaluation services. The World bank indirectly sought to progress an eye on the progress made on the projects that it had founded to ensure that funds were not misappropriated or channeled to other projects not ear marked for funding Hanson, J. L. (1972). The World Bank also took pains to valuate the effects (economical and environmental) of the projects undertaken to ensure that they did not pose a threat to the people in the huge run.Importance of the World Bank and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). When the World Bank became operational in 1946, it had nigh $10 billion at its disposal for the purpose of great(p) Developmental loans to war-torn European nations Ellis, J. (1999). The World Bank played an important role in the dispensation of capital that facilitated a fast rate of economic recovery. The World Bank was charged with the responsibility of identifying projects that were vital to the particular economy and also to provide the requisite support financial or other tonic for their completion.The formation of the World Bank provided member countries with a channel to pool together resources that enabled them to make speedy progress Winter, J. M. 1980. Working closely with the IMF, the World Bank back up member countries with balance of payment problems and this helped in preventing an economic fiasco similar to the one of the great effect of 1930sHarold C. L. (2004. In addition the World Bank was to operate as an independent institution that was managing its own pecuniary resource as well as its own investment programs.This ensured that it had money to lend to its members and not have to mo to the subscribers for more money every now and and so for money to give as loans. By giving money in form of grants, which was not expected back, the World Bank boosted the ec onomies of the needy states hastening the rate of recovery. At the same time the World Bank embarked on research projects that positioned it strategically in the provision of choice information and advice to guide decision-making. The International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund was established together with the World Bank.Among the stated objectives of the IMF are to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate the expansion of international trade, promote high em contrivancement and sustainable economic growth, help in the masterment of a greenness stable and flexible exchange rate and reduce poverty Lipsey, Richard, G. (1989). The IMF was established to help in relations with the anticipated post World War 2 growth as well as enhancing the same. It came in handy in assisting to reduce imbalances in balance of payment. It also helped in the regulation of the asset reserves of member countries.In recent years the IMF has continued to play an important role especially in assist developing nations to reduce poverty among the population. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The Bretton woods strategists also created this. It was form with the aim of eliminating the existing trade barriers that existed between member countries in order to pave way for a speedy economic integration Pollard, R. A. 1985. This was a noble idea just GATT never became an institution but remained a set of agreement the US never ratified.Over the years since the end of World War 2, in that respect have been many GATT talks and resultant agreements called rounds. The most famous is the Uruguay round of 1986 known for its ambitions. It endeavored to increase the GATT reach to new levels. In 1995 the World Trade Organization (WTO) replaced GATT. The WTO is a fully-fledged institution that performs the very purposes for which GATT or International Trade Organization (ITO) was originally designed to perform. European nations post war economic integrationThe Bretton woods agreements were designed to enhance the participation of the member countries in international trade through the removal of existing trade barriers Grogin, R C. (2001). The escalation of technological advancement opened new opportunities in industrial developments and the loans offered allowed the member nations to take profit of the arising opportunities. The allied nations were thus able to strengthen their collective economic dominance Parillo, M. (2003). This was a goal that had been project by the US even before the end of the war Goldsmith, R.W. (1946). Critics of the US have designated that these self-serving motives were the whimsical force behind the US commitment in helping the European nations. Nevertheless the effects were increase economic integration of the western European economies. The Marshal plan This plan was by a large extent the brainchild of the US state department secretary George Marshall Charles L. M. (198 4). It was devised as a ploy to strengthen the allied nations and by extension strengthen the US standing in relation to the commie force Hogan, M. J. (1987).Marshall plan became operational in1947 and was very successful in the four years it was in operation. with this program $13 billion was dispensed to assist in the economic recovery of several European nations. The U. K, France, Netherlands, Italy and Germany received some of the largest amounts. These economies responded positively such that in less than seven years after(prenominal) the war, the economies were go Hardley, A. (1972). The Marshall plan contributed in economic integration because it eliminated some previously existing trade barriers Harrison, M. (1988). post of multilateral institutions in Post war Europe.Keen to prevent any further/future conflict of the World War 2 magnitude, the US oversaw the formation of the United Nations (UN) IN 1945. The other institution formed was the northbound Atlantic Treaty Or ganization (NATO). The United Nations was very active in post war period and among the first major contribution was the establishment of the Nation of Israel following the Jewish holocaust Wallich, Henry Christopher (1955) additionally the United Nations was also active in providing humanitarian aid to refugees and all those affected by the war. umteen historians associate the role of the United Nation with the speedy economic recovery.Critique Some scholars have criticized the world for being a western tool. By this they imply that World Bank employs economic policies that work in favor of the western countries. The Bank advocates for a free market economy this would mean that economies are fully liberalized. This has the potential of devastating weak economies and give advantage to the strong ones. Other weaknesses include lack of inflexibility in giving loans, delay in intervention usually with negative ramifications and Interference with the sovereignty of some member countri es especially the poor nations.Conclusion The Bretton woods institutions played an important role in the reconstruction of the European nations after the world war two. The rate of the economic recovery that was experienced by these nations, would have been infeasible to achieve without the intervention of organized an institution to provide support as well as checks and balances that were necessary in the achievement of this growth. Additionally the formation of the Bretton woods institutions allowed these nations to participate fully in the utilization of the opportunities that the existed in the post war period.This resulted in the economic boom, especially in the Hesperian Europe between 1950 and 1970 that saw these nations recapturing wooly-minded glory and joining the mainstream economies as important players. However critics like professor nom Chomsky of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, argue that the World Bank is fulfilling its aims of alleviating poverty and promoting development- but are helping rich nations and individuals get richer, and making it impossible for poor nations ever to pay off their debts. Others have held to the argument that the commitment displayed by the U. S.A was just a facade that was meant to mask the real intentions of domineering US ambitions. This might have been true but it does not negate the benefits that were achieved. The multilateral institutions that were mostly founded in the 1940s played a significant role in brokering peace as well as ensuring that systems were in place that would allow for peaceful co-existence between nations . The world Bank continues to play a key role especially in assisting developing nations in areas of authorities as well as in offering financial support required to enable them to achieve sustainable development.It is in that locationfore important that the institution continue to adapt to the times in order to remain relevant to the changing needs of these nations. The We aknesses must be turned to strength if the institution is to maintain the disposition it currently enjoys. References Axel, D. (2004), The Influence of IMF Programs on the Re-election of Debtor Governments, Economics & Politics 16, 1 53-75 Charles L. M. (1984). The Marshall Plan The accounting entry of the Pax Americana. New York Simon and Schuster. Pp 3,5,7-8. Ellis, J.(1999). Brute Force Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War Goldsmith, R. W. (1946), The Power of Victory Munitions Output in World War II Military Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 1. pp. 69-80 Grogin, R C. (2001) Natural Enemies The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917-1991. Lanham, Md. Lexington Books. Hanson, J. L. (1972). A Textbook of Economics. Macdonald and Evans Ltd, London. sixth Ed pg 501 Harold C. L. (2004). Military Medicine in Walter Yust edition. 10 Eventful Years Harrison, M.(1988) Resource Mobilization for World War II The U. S. A. , UK, U. S. S. R. , and Germany, 1938-1945 in The Economic History Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 171-192 Hogan, M. J. (1987). The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of horse opera Europe, 1947-1952. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. John Maynard Keynes in his speech at the closing plenary session of the Bretton Woods Conference in Donald Moggeridge (ed. ), The Mason, Edward S. Asher, Robert E. (1973). The World Bank Since Bretton Woods.Washington, D. C. The Brookings Institution, 105-107, 124-135. Lipsey, Richard, G. (1989). An Introduction to Positive Economics. English Language Book Society, 7th ed. Pp 7255. Milward, A. S. (1984). The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51. London Methuen. Marshall, G. (1947) Against Hunger, Poverty, Desperation and Chaos at a Harvard. (Can be read from http//www. foreignaffairs. org/19970501faes ordinate76399- p0/george-c-marshall-The speech. ) Nicholas, C. and Toniolo, G. (1996). Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945.Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Pp 3-5 Pa rillo, M. (2003), The Pacific War in Richard Jensen et al, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations America,Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century pp. 78-117. Pollard, R. A. (1985). Economic aegis and the Origins of the Cold war, 1945-1950 (New York Columbia University Press, pp. 8. Wallich, Henry Christopher (1955). Mainsprings of the German Revival. New Haven Yale University Press,. Pp 123-267 Winter, J. M. Demography of the War, in pricey and Foot, ed. , OxfBretton Woods InstitutionsThe Second World War featured a host of nations battling all around the world for supremacy it was believed that the victor would have the privilege to shape the future of the world and so it seems. The associate in conclusion emerged victors in 1945 among them were the powers of today, U. S. A. , China, France, U. K, and Russia. Behind them was a host of other States that had show support during the difficult times. In 1945 the Allies had met in Bretton Woods U. S.A and came up with strategies that would ensure that he skids that had been made over the years would be avoided it was in this conference that the Bretton Woods Institutions were formed. Among them were the International Bank for reconstruction and Development (IBRD) today known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The two were formed after a number of states ratified and hold to the rules as stipulated in the agreement at Bretton Woods (Veseth 2002).The main role of these institutions was to ensure that the mistakes of the late(prenominal) were not repeated they were to ensure that the trade among nations would flow freely, to stabilize the worlds financial system, and to encourage international investments (Lechner 2009). In other words these institutions were to assist in the reconstruction and development of Europe after the war many of its signatory members were European States. It was therefore a Western Idea for the Development of capitalist orientated economies.This paper go forth look at th e success of these institutions decades later. Today the two institutions are still there working towards the development of economies. After their formation the two institutions successfully managed to rejuvenate the European Economy. Europe then went a head and through a series of agreements, starting with the integration within the coal and nerve industries, formed the European Commission and later on the European Union was formed. It seeks to establish a common Europe with a common currency, constitution, economy to mention a few (Veseth 2002).It is therefore correct to say that the Bretton Woods system was successful within Europe as it succeeded jump starting the economies and later on the same economies merged to form a single unit looking at the objectives, there will always be free flowing trade within EU, by using a single currency to trade within Europe means that the exchange rate is stable thus change the Euro to function any where in Europe and finally as it is evide nt for quit some time the economies of Europe along side those of the world have been stable.To add to this there has been significant growth for rather some time. It is therefore true to say that the strategy worked (Mansbach & Rhodes 2009 and Spielvogel 2008). The system was also tried within the African economic landscape with different results the opposite happened as economies that were once growing with high rates slumped down. It was so a western idea for a western economy. Some may argue that the strategy worked in Europe because it was created for that purpose.Unfortunately after the Second World War, the world was once again divided, this time along ideological lines Capitalism versus Socialism. On e advocated for a market oriented economy while the other called for a strong state control to prevent the exigencies of the very same market. Europe was also divided along the same lines. Eventually Capitalists emerged victorious in 1989. This cemented the role of the dolla r mark sign within the global Economy. The U. S. A reign the spherical economic scene just as they intended soon after the formation of the Institutions.This has worked for years the dollar has managed to give confidence and earn respect of economies in the world for quite some time. The dollar for quite some time was the only universally accepted exchange rate, it was the standard. Unfortunately this was also the mistake the system had (Spielvogel 2008). Over dependence on the dollar was not the key idea behind the founders of the system. I believe it was imposed to ensure the dominance of the U. S. A in the global system they are the most powerful and everybody wanted to be allied to the West.This over reliance has over the years made the system shaky the objectives were to ensure the stability of the global financial system. Unfortunately this was to be proven other wise with the occurrence of a second major global financial crisis characterized by a weakened dollar and therefo re instability within the financial system, a reminder of what happened when the system was over reliant on gold back in the 1920s and 1930s. This is therefore a proof that the Bretton Woods institutions are long over due for an update (Lechner 2009 and Veseth 2002).In conclusion, the Bretton Woods system was a great idea for the unification of the world(prenominal) financial system it has successfully seen the world united through globalization. The whole system is now unite and economies are dependent. It has also seen the development of Europe successfully to what is seen today the European Union. Unfortunately it has failed to ensure that the mistakes of the past are not repeated the recent financial crisis was a repeat of the Great depression that lasted for around a decade between 1929 to late 1930s.Therefore the strategy was a good idea but it demand the input of all economies and therefore interdependence among states and economies. Reference Lechner Frank J. (2009). Glo balization The Making of a World Society. Chichester U. K Malden MA Willey-Blackwell. Mansbach R, W & Rhodes E, J. (2009). Global Politics in a Changing World A Reader. 4th Edition. Boston Houghton Mifflin. Spielvogel Jackson J. (2008). Western Civilization Alternate Volume Since 1300. Wadsworth Pub Co. Veseth Michael (Ed). (2002). The Rise of Global Economy. London Fitzroy DearBorn Publishers.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 41

Stefan didnt front or speak for long atomic number 42s. Elenas heart swelled. utterly she was as timid as he clear was. She went to him and took twain his hands, which were shaking.Darling, dont cry, she send. There must still be snip to save Fells Church. There must. It cigarett end this way. And besides, Shinichi is by bypast We can constitute to the children we can break the conditioning She stopped. It was as if the word conditioningechoed in her ears. Stefans jet-propelled plane eyes were fil ing her vision. Her mind was functiontingit was getting fuzzy. Everything was becoming unreal again. In a minute she wouldnt be able toShe wrenched her eyes away, miteing hard.You were Influencing me,she said. She could hear the anger in her cause illustration.Yes,Stefan whispered. Ive been Influencing you for half an hour.How dare you? Elena thought, tho now for him.Im stopping itnow,Stefan said quietly.As am I, sharp-witted added, sounding exhausted.And the universe did a slow offer and Elena look oned what it was that they were al keeping from her.With a wild sob, she rose, scattering droplets, coming to her feet penury an avenging goddess. She looked at Sage. She looked at Stefan.And Stefan turn out how brave he was, how much he loved her. He told her what she already k naked as a jaybird. Damon is g unrivaled, Elena. Im so risque. Im sorry ifif I kept you from being with him as much as you valued to. Im sorry if I came between you. I didnt discover how much you loved separately other. I do now.And then he dropped his face into his hands.Elena indigenceed to go to him. To s interruptiond him, to hold him. To tel Stefan that she loved him comely as much, drop for drop, grain for grain. scarce her luggage compartment had g mavin numb, and the darkness was threatening againal she could do was hold out her arms as she crumpled onto the grass. And then somehow seemly and Stefan were both there, the three of them al sobbing Elena with th e intensity of new disc some(prenominal)wherey Stefan with a lost sound that Elena had n eer heard before and mediocre with a dry, pull exhaustion that translatemed to requisite to shatter her smal body.Time lost al meaning. Elena wanted to grieve for all(prenominal) moment of Damons painful death, and for every moment of his life, too. So much had been lost. She couldnt get her head around it, and she didnt want to do anything provided cry until the kind darkness took her mind again.That was when Sage broke.He grabbed Elena and pul ed her up, and move her by the elevates. It snapped her head stomach and forth.Your town is in ruinshe shouted, as if this was her fault.Midnight may or may non bring disaster. Oh, yes, I saw it al in your mind when I went in to Influence you. exact Fel s Church is already devastated. And you wont tear down fight for itSomething blazed through Elena. It melted the numbness, the iciness. Yes, Il fight for itshe screamed. Il fight for it wi th every breath in my body, until I stop the people who did it, or until they kil meAnd how, puis-je savoir, wil you get back in measure? By the snip you walk back the way you came, it wil al be overStefan was beside her, bracing her, shoulder to shoulder.Then wel force you to send us some other way so that we can get back in timeElena stared. No. No. Stefan couldnt induce said that. Stefan didnt force his way and she wouldnt occupy him changing himself. She whirled back on Sage. Theres no necessity to fight I eat up a get the best Key in my backpack, and magic works here inside the Gatehouseshe cried. barely Stefan and Sage were staring each other down, each fierce and intent. Elena wanted to go to Stefan but the world was doing a nonher of its slow somersaults. She was afraid that Sage would attack Stefan, and that she couldnt even fight for him. further instead, suddenly, Sage threw back his head and laughed wildly. Or by chance it was something between thunderous laugh ing and crying. It was as eerie as the sound of a wolf baying, and Elena entangle Bonnies smal , trembling body hug her to comfort both of them.What the hel Sage bel owed, and now there was a wild look in his eyes, too. Mais oui, what the Hell?He laughed again. After al , I am the Gatekeeper, and I have already broken the rules by al owing you through two different doors.Stefan was Stillbreathing hard. straightway he reached out and grabbed Sage by his broad shoulders and shook him with the strength of a vampire g champion mad. What are you talking about? Theres no time for talkAh, but there is, mon ami. My friend, there is. What you need is the firepower of the heavens to save Fel s Church and to undo the damage that has already been d angiotensin-converting enzyme. To wipe it out, to pass water it as if it had never happened.And,Sage added deliberately, looking directly at Elena,perhaps just perhaps to undo this mean solar days events, also. unawares every inch of Elenas sk in was tingling. Her whole body was listening to Sage, leaning toward him, yearning, while her eyes widened with the however other question that mattered.Sage said, very softly, very triumphantly, Yes. They can bestow life upon the dead. They have that Power. They can bring back mon petit tyran Damon as they brought you back.Stefan and Bonnie were holding Elena up. She couldnt stand on her own.But why would they alleviate?she whispered painful y. She wouldnt al ow herself even a breath of hope, not until she understood everything.In transposition for what was stolen from them mil ennia ago,Sage replied. You are in a fortress of Hel , you know.That is what the Gatehouse is. The withstanders cannot enter here. They cannot storm the gate and engage back what is insidethe seven pardon, now six kitsune treasures.Not a breath of hope. Not a breath. But Elena heard herself give a wild laugh.How do we give them a park? Or a stadium of coloured roses?We give them the rights to the land that the park and the field of roses lie upon.Not a breath, even though the bodies on either side of Elena were shaking now. And how do we offer them the Fountain of sempiternal Youth and Life?We do not. However, I have here various containers, waiting to be col ected as garbage. The threat of a gal on bottle of La Fontaine randomly spread al over your Earththat would devastate them. And, of billet,Sage added, I know the kinds of gems with enchantments already upon them that they would most desire. Here, let me cleared the doors al at once We take al we can the rooms, strip them bareHis enthusiasm was contagious. Elena half-turned, breath held, eyes widened to catch the first glowing of a doors light.Wait.Stefans voice was hard suddenly. Bonnie and Elena turned back and froze, embracing each other, trembling.What is your your father loss to do to you when he musters out that you al owed this?He wil not kil me,Sage said brusquely, the wild tone back in his voice. He may even find it as amusant as I do, and we wil be sharing a bel y laugh tomorrow.And if he doesnt find it amusing? Sage, I dont thinkDamon wouldnt have wanted Sage whirled around and for the first time since she had met him, Elena could believe with her whole soul that he was the son of his father. His eyes had even seemed to change color, to the yel ow of a flame, with ball field pupils like a cats. His voice was like steel splintering, harder even than Stefans. What is between my father and me is my own backing mine Stay here if you want. He never bothers himself about vampires, anyway he says theyre cursed already. But I am going to do everything I can to bring mon cheri Damon back.Whatever the approach to you?The hel with the costTo Elenas surprise, Stefan gripped Sages shoulders for a moment and then obviously hugged as much of him as he could hold.I just wanted to make sure,he said quietly. Thank you, Sage. Thank you.Then he turned and strode over to the Royal Radhika plan t, and with one yank, pul ed it out of its bower.Elena, heart beating in her lips and throat and fingertips, ran to gather the modify containers and bottles Sage was tossing out of a ninth doorway that had appeared in between the mine shaft and the field of black roses. She snatched up a gal on container and an Evian water bottle, both with secure caps intact. They were made of plastic, which was good, because she dropped them both just going across the room to the bubbling fountain. Her hands were shaking that mischievouslyly and al the time she was sending up a monotonous prayer, Oh, please. Oh, please. Oh, pleaseShe got water into both containers at the Fountain and cap them. And then she realized that Bonnie was Stillstanding in the middle of the Gatehouse. She looked bewildered, frightened.Bonnie?Sage?Bonnie said. How do we get these things to the Celestial Court to bargain with them?Have no worries,Sage said kindly. I am certain(prenominal) that Guardians wil be waiting jus t outside to arrest us. They wil take us to the Court.Bonnie didnt stop trembling, but she nodded and hurried to help Sage get bottles of Black Magic and break them. A symbol,he said. Un signe of what we wil do to this area if the Celestials dont agree. Be careful not to cut your pretty hands. Elena thought she heard Bonnies husky voice then, and that it was not a happy tone. But Sages rumbling murmur was reassuring. And Elena would neither al ow herself to hope nor desp publicize. She had a task in hand, a scheme. She was making private Plans for the Celestial Court.When she and Bonnie had al the plunder they could carry, and their backpacks were ful as Well, when Stefan had two narrow black boxes that held deeds, and when Sage looked like a cross between Santa Claus and a bronzed, gorgeous, hairy Hercules, as he carried two sacks made of pil ow pillowcases, they gave one last look around at the harry Gatehouse.All right,Sage said then. Time to face the Guardians.He smiled reass uringly at Bonnie.As usual, Sage was right. The moment they came out with their booty, Guardians from two different propertys were ready for them. The first type were the ones who looked vaguely like Elena towheaded hair, dark puritanic eyes, slender. The Guardians of the Nether World seemed senior to these, and were lithe women with skin so dark it was or so ebony, and hair that curled tightly in a cap over their heads. Behind them were bril iant favorableen air cars.You are under arrest,one of the dark ones said, not looking as if she enjoyed her job, for removing treasures that rightful y get going to the Celestial Court out of the sanctuary where it was agreed that they would be kept, under the laws of both our dimensions.And then it was totally a matter of hanging on to the propertyen air cars while hanging on at the same time to their unlawful booty.The Celestial Court wascelestial. Pearly white with a faint inkling of blue. Minarets. It was a long distance from the h eavily guarded gate where Elena had seen a third type of Guardian, one with short red hair and slanted, piercing green eyes to the actual palace, which seemed to encompass a city.But it was when Elenas group was guided to the throne room that the real culture shock hit. It was cold larger and far more glorious than any room Elena had ever imagined. No bal or gala in the calamitous Dimensions could have prepared her in the least for it. The cathedral ceiling seemed to be made entirely of gold, as were the double line of stately columns that marched vertical y across the floor. The floor itself was of intricately patterned malachite and gold-threaded lapis lazuli, with gold seemingly used as grouting and with a heavy hand at that. The three golden fountains in the middle of the room (the central one was the largest and most elaborate) threw into the air not water, but delicately fresh flower petals that sparkled like diamonds in turning at their apex and then floated down again. Stained-glass windows in bril iant colourise that Elena couldnt remember ever having seen before threw rainbow light like a benediction from high on every wal , giving warmth to the otherwise cool engraved gold.Sage and Elena and Stefan and Bonnie were seated in smal at ease chairs just a few feet back from a great ambo, draped with a fantastical y woven golden cloth. The treasures were spread out in front of them, as attendants dressed in period blue and gold took the objects one by one up to the current ruling triumvirate in back.The rulers comprised one each of the groups of Guardians fair, dark, redheaded. Their seats on the dais ensured that they were far from and high above their petitioners. But with Power sent to her eyes, Elena could see perfectly well that they each sat on an exquisitely jeweled golden throne. that they each sat on an exquisitely jeweled golden throne.They were speaking softly together, admiring the Royal Radhika flower blue delphiniums at the mome nt. Then the dark one smiled and sent one of her attendants running for a pot with demesne for the plant to survive in.Elena stared sightlessly at the other treasures. A gal on of water from the Fountain of everlasting(a) Youth and Life. Six bottles of unbroken Black Magic wine, and the shards of at least that many around them. A blazing rainbow to rival the stained-glass windows in fist-sized gems, some raw, some already faceted and polished, but most of them not however faceted, but also hand-carved with mysterious gold or silver inscriptions.Two long, black, velvet-lined boxes with yel owing cylinders of papyrus or paper inside them, one with a pure black rose lying contiguous to it, and the other with a simple spray of light springtime-green leaves. Elena knew what the yel owed documents with their cracked waxen seals were. The deeds to the field of black roses and the kitsune paradise.When you saw al the treasures together like this, it almost seemed too much, Elena though t. Any one object from any one of the Seven no, now Six kitsune Treasures was enough to trade worlds for. whiz sprig of the Royal Radhika, which was even now being returned, (pink larkspur changing to a white orchid) properly potted again, was immeasurably precious. So was a single velvety black rose, with its power to hold the most powerful of magics. One jewel from the stack up in the mining cavern, maybe a double-fist-sized diamond that put the Star of Africa and the Golden Jubilee to shame. One day in the kitsune paradise, where a day could seem like a perfect lifetime. One sip of that aglitter(p) water that could make a human live as long as the oldest Old OneOf course there should also have been the largest star bal in existence, ful of eldritch Power, but Elena was hoping that the Guardians would overlook that.Hoping? She wondered and shook her head at nothing, causing Bonnie to squeeze her hand tightly. Not hoping. She didnt dare hope. Not a breath yet.Another attendant , red-haired, flashing them a cold green-eyed look, picked up the plastic gal on bottle that said Sector 3 Water on the label. Sage rumbled as she left, Quest-ce qui lui prend? I mean, what is her caper? I like the water in the vampire sector. I dont like the pump water in the Nether World.Elena had already figured out the color code for the Guardians. The blond ones were al business, impatient and with delays. The dark ones were the kindest maybe there was less work for them to do in the Nether World. The green-eyed redheads were just plain bitchy. Unluckily, the young woman on the central throne up there on the dais was a redhead.Bonnie?she whispered.Bonnie had to gulp and sniff before she could get out, Yes?Have I ever told you how much I like your eyes?Bonnie gave her a long brown-eyed gaze before get to shake with laughter. At least it started out like laughter, and then Bonnie burrowed her head into Elenas shoulder and simply shook.Stefan squeezed Elenas hand. Shes been tr ying so hard for you. She she loved him too, you see. I didnt even know that. I guessI guess Ive just been blind on al sides.He ran his free hand through his already-tousled hair. He looked very young, like a little boy who had been suddenly punished for doing something he hadnt been told was wrong. Elena remembered him in the backyard of the boardinghouse, jump with her feet on his feet, and then in his attic room, kissing her hands, her knuckles bruised with hammering, the pulsing inside of her wrists. She wanted to tel him that everything was going to be All right, that the laughter would come back to his eyes, but she couldnt stand the chance of lying to him.Suddenly Elena felt like a very, very old woman, who could hear and see only dimly, whose every hunting expedition caused her terrible pain, and who was cold inside. Her every joint and every bone was fil ed with ice.At last, when al the treasures, including a sparkling, diamond-set, golden Master Key, had been taken up for the young women on the thrones to handle, heft, examine, and discuss, a warm-eyed dark-skinned woman came to Elenas group. You may approach Their High Judgments now.And,she added in a voice as soft as the stroke of a dragonflys wing, they are very, very impressed. That doesnt often happen. Speak small-scalely and keep your heads low and I think you shal have your heartsdesires.Something inside Elena gave a bound that would have sent her leaping to clutch at the retreating attendants robe, but fortunately Stefan had her in an embrace of iron. Bonnies head came off Elenas shoulder, and Elena had to restrain her, in turn.They walked, the very portrait of meekness, to where four scarlet cushions blazed against the golden weave of the floor cloth. Once, Elena would have refused to abase herself.Now, she was thankful for a soft resting place for her knees.This close, she could see that the rulers each wore a circlet of some metal, from which a single stone hung on to her forehead.We have considered your petition,the dark one said, her white-gold circlet with its diamond pendant dazzling Elena with pinpricks of lilac and red and royal blue. Oh, yes,she added, laughing. We know what you want. Even a Guardian on the street would have to be very bad at her job not to know. You want your townrenewed. The burned buildings rebuilt. The victims of the malach pestilence re-created, their souls swathed again in flesh, and their memories But, first,interrupted the fair one, waving a hand, dont we have business at hand? This girl Elena Gilbert may not be eligible to be a spokesman for her group. If she becomes a Guardian, she doesnt belong with the petitioners.The redhead tossed her head like an impatient fil y, causing the rose gold of her circlet to flash, and its ruby to shimmer.Oh, go on then, Ryannen. If your recruitment levels are so low The businesslike fair one ignored this, but bent forward, some of her hair held back from her face by her circlet of yel ow go ld with its sapphire pendant. What about it, Elena?I know our first encounter was unfortunate. You must believe that I am sorry for that. But you were well on your way to becoming a ful Guardian when we had orders from Above to weave you into a new body so that you could take up your life as a human again.You did that? Of course you did.Elenas voice was soft and low and flattering. You can do anything. But our first encounter? I dont remember You were too young, and you saw just a flash of our air car as it passed your parentsvehicle. It was meant to be a minor accident with one apparent casualty you. But insteadBonnies hands flew to her mouth. She was clearly getting something Elena wasnt. Her parentsvehicle? The last time shed driven with her father and mother and little Margaret had been the day of the crash. The day shed disconcert her father, whod been drivingLook, Daddy Look at the pretty And then had come the impact.Elena forgot about being meek and keeping her head low. In fact, she raised her head, and met gold-splattered blue eyes very much like hers. Her own gaze, she knew, was piercing and hard.You killed my parents?she whispered.No, nothe dark one cried. It was an operation gone sour.We only had to intersect with the Earth dimension for a few minutes. But, quite unexpectedly, your talent flared. You saw our air car. Instead of a crash with only one apparent casualty you, your father turned to look andSlowly her voice trailed off as Elenas turned unbelieving eyes on her.Bonnie was staring sightlessly into the distance, almost as if she were in trance. Shinichi,she breathed. That unearthly riddle of his or whatsoever it was. That one of us had murdered, and that it was nothing to do with being a vampire or a mercy kil ingId always assumed it was me,Stefan said quietly. My mother never real y recovered after my birth. She died.But that doesnt make you a murdererElena cried. Not like me. Not like me Well, that was why I was asking you now, the businesslike blond woman said. It was a flawed mission, but you understand that we were only trying to recruit you, yes? Its the traditional method. Our genes have honed us to be the best at managing powerful, inconclusive demons, who dont respond to traditional strength but require on-the-spot recalculation Elena choked back a scream. A scream of wrath agony disbelief guilt she didnt know what. Her Plans. Her schemes. The way she had handled boisterous boys in the bad old days it was al genetic. Andher parentswhat had they died for?Stefan stood up. His jaw was hard, his green eyes were burning bril iantly. There was no softness in his face. He clasped Elenas hand and she heard, If you want to fight, Im in.Mais, non. Elena turned around and saw Sage. His telepathic voice was unmistakable. She was compel ed to listen. We cannot fight them on their own territory and win.Even I cannot. What you can do is make them pay Elena, my brave one, your parentsspirits have undoubte dly found new homes. It would be cruel to drag them back. But let us demand of the Guardians anything you desire. For a year and a day in the past, demand whatever you wish I think that we all will back you.Elena paused. She looked at the Guardians and she looked at the treasures. She looked at Bonnie and Stefan, who were waiting. There was permission in their eyes.Then she said slowly to the Guardians, This is really going to cost you. And I dont want to hear that any of it is impossible. For al your treasures back and the Master Key tooI want my old life. No, I want a new life, with my real old life behind me. I want to be Elena Gilbert, exactly as if Id graduated with my high school class, and I want to go to Dalcrest Col ege. I want to wake up in my aunt Judiths house in the forenoon and find that no one realizes Ive been gone for almost ten months. And I want a 4.5 ramble point average for my last year in high school just in case of emergencies.And I want Stefan to have live d in the boardinghouse peaceful y al that time, and to have everyone swallow him as my boyfriend. And I want every single thing that Shinichi and Misao and whoever they were working for did undone and forgotten. I want the person they were working for dead. And I want everything that Klaus did in Fel s Church undone as well. I want Sue Carson back I want Vickie Bennett back I want everyone back Bonnie said faintly, Even Mr. Tanner?Elena understood. If Mr. Tanner had not died mysteriously drained of blood then Alaric Saltzman would never have been cal ed to Fel s Church. Elena remembered Alaric from the out-of-body experience sandy hair, laughing hazel eyes.She thought of Meredith and his almost-engagement to her.But who was she to operate God? To say, yes, this person can die because he was unlovely and unloved, but this one has to live because she was my friend.