Do I know that I have a Hand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Do I know that I have a Hand - Essay Example For the case of the dream doubt, we are prone to doubt our dreams, why? Because dreams are an assumption of what the reality would be to us rather than a certainty of what it really is. For instance, one uses his/her hands to grab something in real life and dream; therefore, it is hard to tell when we are imagining and we are not.REM is the stage where dreams occur and in eight hours of sleep there is about three cycle of REM stage. The first is close to 15 minutes then the rest are 40 to 60 minutes long. Because we are not dreaming for few minutes like we remember when we wake up from a dream, we cannot really prove if we woke up from a real life and continuing to dream or woke up from a dream and continuing the real life. If hands were unmovable items, it would be harder to believe they are not real. That is why when we wake up we find that in was just a brief assumption and not a reality. We need to discover that we cannot know something at the same period and doubt it. One comes first. We need to doubt to believe. That is why when we dream we are using our hand we are believing in a different perspective as opposed to waking up from our dream to find out that reality is far much bigger that the dream, thus we seek to doubt the dream. Thus the dream and reality all refer to the uncertain and certain analytical point of view. â€Å"They are on the one hand experiences of the ordinary, healthy mind, experiences with which no one could plausibly deny an acquaintance, and yet, on the other hand, they are comparable, in their extravagance and deceptiveness, to the delusions of insanity the narrator has just been considering.† †¦ I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep. The result is that I begin to feel dazed, and this very feeling only reinforces the notion that I may be asleep. If someone without hands can dream that they have

Two People Who Have Great Influence in My Life Essay Example for Free

Two People Who Have Great Influence in My Life Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am what I am. Who I am today was the result of my past experiences in life; hence, experiences that are worth remembering for. I am a person of good value and virtue because of these two great people who have influenced and touched my life in a very significant ways. They are the one who really sacrifice a lot just to give me a better future. They molded me as a person of good morals and dignity as well as a person who love and fear God. These two people that have touched my life are my beloved parents, my dad and mom. I owe my life to them and I will not stop thanking God for giving me such wonderful and loving parents. The intents of this paper are: (1) to figure out how my dad and mom influenced my life in different and similar ways and; (2) know deeper what are their contributions in my life. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My dad is an ideal father to me. When I will have my own family, I would like to be like him. He is a very responsible man. He is very loving and a generous father. He supplies our daily needs and not only that, he always find time to spend quality time with us in spite of his hectic schedules from his work. Every time he got from his work, he frequently brought us presents; they may be small or big but it has great impact in my life because it is not how expensive or cheap the present is but it is the thought that counts. I always hear my father saying â€Å"I love you† to my mother and to us as well. He really shows that we, his family, are very important to him. He treats us every time he receives his salary. I never experience that my father has shouted nor spanked me because of what I did. He disciples my siblings and I in a manner that we will not retaliate because of what he does to us. If I have done something wrong, he just calls me to go to his bedroom so that we can have a talk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My mom is the most wonderful mother in the whole world. Truly, she is the light in our home. She is a kind of mother that disciplines us firmly yet gentle. She is just like my father because when my siblings and I have done something wrong, she also calls us to go to her bedroom, if ever my dad is not around to disciplines us, and have a short talk. She is a kind of mom who always consoles us if ever we have something that troubles us. She is a good cook too. She sees to it that we have a good and nutritious meal. She never complains in raising us but indeed she finds it a delight, seeing us feed with her love and care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My mom and dad have brought great impact in my life. My father taught me how to be like a man. He taught me how to play sports, working out and stuff like that. We always have a man to man talk and he told me that when I have my own family in the future, I should care my future family the way he takes care of us. And I am pretty sure that I can be like him because that is the kind of family where I am brought up. Well, if others cannot easily get along with their mom because they are boys, I can sincerely say that I can easily approach and get along with my mom. She always tells me that I should love my neighbors as myself and never take advantage on the weaknesses of others. She also reminds me to be a one woman man in the future, just like my father did. Though they teach me in different ways but they have one common denominator and that is to raise me as a person of good value and dignity. III. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To have a very loving father and mother is such a great blessing from God; a blessing that cannot be exchanged with the wealth of this world. These two people are very precious to me and I am not what I am today without their unending love, support and fair discipline.

Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 Essay -- Essays Papers

Lee, Robert E. (Edward) 1807 -- 1870 General in chief of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War. Born in Virginia's Westmoreland County on January 19, 1807, the third son of Henry ("Light Horse Harry") and Ann Hill Carter Lee. Declining fortunes forced the family's removal to Alexandria, where Robert distinguished himself in local schools. His father's death in 1811 increased responsibilities on all the sons; Robert, especially, cared for his invalid mother. Lee graduated number two in his class from the U.S. Military Academy in 1829. Commissioned a brevet lieutenant of engineers, he spent a few years at Fort Pulaski, Georgia, and Fort Monroe, Virginia. At Fort Monroe on June 30, 1831, he married Mary Ann Randolph Custis, with whom he had seven children. Lee worked in the chief engineer's office in Washington, D.C., from 1834 to 1837. He was transferred to Fort Hamilton, New York, where he remained until 1846. In August 1846 Lee joined General John E. Wool's army in Texas. In the battle of Buena Vista, Lee's boldness drew his superiors' attention. Transferred to General Winfield Scott's Veracruz expedition, in the battle at Veracruz and in the advance on Mexico he won additional acclaim. Following American occupation of the Mexican capital, he worked on maps for possible future campaigns. Already a captain in the regular service, he was made brevet colonel for his gallantry in the war. Lee returned to engineer duty at Baltimore's Fort Carroll until 1852, when he reluctantly became superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. In 1855 he was made lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Cavalry, one of the Army's elite units. The years 1857-1859 were bleak. Lee had to take several furloughs to deal with family business and seriously thought of resigning his commission. However, in 1859 he and his men successfully put down John Brown's insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1860 he became commander of the Department of Texas. Talk of secession in the South grew strident during Lee's Texas sojourn. No secessionist, he was loyal to the Union and the U.S. Army; yet he had no doubts about his loyalties if Virginia departed the Union. Ties of blood bound him to the South. Lee accepted a commission as colonel of the 1st U.S. Cavalry in March 1861. But offered command of the entire U.S. Army a month later, he hesitated. If he accepted... ...in chief of all Confederate armies in February 1865, could give only general direction to lingering disaster. Sherman marched upward through the Carolinas, threatening Petersburg. Lee failed to split Grant's front. On April 2, Grant's attack snapped Lee's lines; the Confederates began evacuating Petersburg and Richmond. Lee was compelled to surrender his shadow force of no more than 9,000 soldiers at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Arlington, the Custis family seat, was gone now; the Lees had no real home. They remained in Richmond, well treated by the Federals. In September Lee accepted the presidency of Washington College, in Lexington, Virginia, where he remained until his death. Devoted to education and to resurrecting the South, Lee became a symbol of reunification. He refused to abandon his distressed country, hoped for Southern reassimilation, and set a lofty example. Without bitterness, he obeyed the law and counseled all Southerners to do the same. Indicted for treason, he never stood trial; and although never granted a pardon, he lived in comfort and in great honor. In September 1870 he was stricken, probably with an acute attack of angina, and died on October 12.

Essays --

1.0 Introduction This report aims to explore the different views of those who believe that having an unrealistic ideal body image positively affects women and those who believe that it has a negative impact on women. This report will also provide the issue and its debate background, its social significance, the parties involved in this debate as well as the differing opinions and arguments related to the debate topic. 2.0 The issue and background to the debate Our body image is an important part of our self-identity and our self esteem. In Medilexicon’s medical dictionary, body image is the personal conception of one's own body as distinct from one's actual anatomic body or the conception other people have of it. In medicine and psychology terms, body image refers to a person’s emotional attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of their own body. Body consciousness is a growing phenomenon among women and this has started the debate on the positive and negative effects of having an unrealistic body image on women. 3.0 The social significance of the debate According to Boston’s Women Health Book Collective, Inc (2005), it is said that researchers have found that ongoing exposure to certain ideas can shape and distort our perceptions of reality and that it is not surprising that in our media-driven culture, our views of what women should look like are warped- Real women with pubic hair and breasts that aren’t perfect round orbs begin to seem unnatural compared to the altered images we see in the media. Therefore, the question here is will the impact of having an unrealistic ideal body image positively affect women or will it negatively affect women? 4.0 The participants in the debate The main participants in this debate are expe... ...so have a goal to work towards whenever they see the waif-like models in the media. According to R. Modrzejewska and W. Badura-Madej (2013), they have concluded that more women have a negative self-image of themselves when compared to men. As such, women are also more likely to be motivated to lose weight by going on diet plans or by exercising because they are teased that they look fat and or encouraged by friends and family to shed the extra pounds. 6.0 Conclusion From the discussion above, it is very clear that there are different opinions on the issue of having an unrealistic ideal body image. Just as there are benefits of having an unrealistic ideal body image on women, there are also drawbacks that can be harmful to women. To decide which impact has a greater consequence, more detailed research and analysis of the arguments of both sides are needed.

City Lights Movie Reflection Essay

A film in pantomime, I believe, means a romantic comedy where actors express their feelings by miming. The film’s story was mainly told through mime actions and the actors along with their facial expressions since it’s the only thing that is going on in a silent film, besides the sound. A pantomime uses its technique, in where a story is told using just music, sounds, and the motion and facial expressions. The scene I find memorable is where the main character firsts meets the man trying to commit suicide. I find it memorable because the same camera angle was used, and there was little camera movement. The man falling into the water and coming back out several times was shot in one take, if I remember well, and that takes lots of good acting and possibly more than one take was used for that scene. What also made the scene memorable was the lighting, because the scene might have been filmed during the night time, and the lights that were used showed the important places of the scene without showing much of the background, for example the bench had proper lighting and the place where they jumped in the water did as well. This movie’s filming is different than modern films because the shot lengths are much longer and there is little camera movement. There were few close-ups and few establishment shots. The only transitions between scenes were fade-outs and fade-ins. Shots also had to be rehearsed several times because film was very expensive and cameras were not digital so things could not be deleted on the spot or filmed over. Because of no sound, filmmakers had to rely on picking good actors, sound effects, and facial expressions. The actors play a huge part because the story can only be told through their motion and or expressions. The music had to be used to show suspense, playful/silly moments, or serious moments. The actors needed to be really well because it was really expensive for shots to be filmed more than once if not needed. The actors needed to know how to show different moods by facial expressions, movement of body, etc. This film is unique because of the long shots and the little camera movement. Charlie Chaplin did a great job at telling a story, and he did so with using few quote screens, and used them only when they were completely necessary. The storyline is also very different in this film. The opening scene of the movie also was irrelevant to the plot, and was used as an introduction to the main character and the type of person he is. I haven’t seen a single movie similar to City Lights.

Empire of mALI essays

Empire of mALI essays The Empire of Mali Introduction In its peak, the people of Mali occupied land as far west as the Atlantic Ocean. They also traveled as far east as Gao, the capital of the Songhai, as far south as the Niger bend, and as far north as the Sahara desert. They built a great empire between 1240 and 1337 that underwent a course of slow decline until the seventeenth century. History The empire of Mali originated from a small country known as Kangaba. Its people where known as the Mandingo (they have also been called the Malinke and the Mandinka). After the breakup of Ghana, the Sosso, who had caused the breakup, were still in power. Apparently Sundiata, an heir to the Mandingo throne raised an army and defeated the Sosso in the battle of Kirina. Afterward, Sundiata established the empire of Mali. He converted to Islam for support of the Muslim peoples. When Mansa Musa came into power, in the early 1300s, the empire reached its height. Mansa Musa traveled through Cairo on his pilgrimage to Me cca. It is said that he gave away so much gold that it dropped in value in Cairo for 12 years. Afterward the empire slowly declined, until, in the 1600s it was no more than it had been originally when it originated: the small kingdom of Kangaba. Government The government of Mali was a dictatorship. The dictator, who had the title of Mansa, was the sole secular and religious leader of his people, though not he did not enjoy the same power as Egyptian Pharaohs did. The base of government was located in the capital, known as Niani. It was once written by a traveler that a person could travel safely without fear of harm, and that the people of Mali hated injustice and the Mansa did not tolerate injustice at all. The military branch of government was constant. There was a standing army of professional soldiers, so that Mali was ready for a battle without having to raise an army every time. Religion The religion in Mali was divided between two groups. The mercha ...

A Comparison of Early American Texts essays

A Comparison of Early American Texts essays A Comparison of Early American Texts When the Europeans first came to the Americas in the late 15th - early 16th century, they brought with them a distinctive style of literature that was a complete contrast to the Native Americans who inhabited the land. The Europeans system of literature was based on writing, which was a technique unheard of by the Native Americans, whose system of literature was based on oral traditions since they did not use alphabetic writing. Despite this variance in styles, both European and Native American literature constructs a definite description of an authors personality. I plan to present how the texts of Christopher Columbus, Bartolome de Las Casas, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, and Garcilaso de La Vega reveal a distinctive personality in each of these authors and the significance of this presentation. Christopher Columbus presents himself as a compassionate, magnanimous and dutiful voyager in the texts contributed. Christopher Columbus texts seem to exhibit the author as an adherent to his Highnesses, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Throughout these texts Columbus repeatedly declares of his actions as restrictively for the favor of his king and queen. For example, in the passage The people of the new world greet Columbus, Columbus states, ...when Your Highnesses so command, they [the seven slaves] can all be carried off to Castile...since with fifty men they would be all kept in subjection and forced to whatever may be wished. Another example is in the passage Columbus describes the people of the New World, in which Columbus proclaims, Our Lord willing, at the time of my departure I will bring back six of them [Native Americans] to Your Highnesses, that they may learn to talk. These two examples depicts Columbus simply as a vassal to his authoritative figures, of ten even more so than to God. Bar...

An Overview of Graphic Memoirs and Graphic Nonfiction

An Overview of Graphic Memoirs and Graphic Nonfiction Although the term â€Å"graphic novel† is broadly used, the term â€Å"graphic memoir† is relatively new and has not had wide usage. Hearing the phrase â€Å"graphic memoir† is partially self-explanatory in that a memoir is an author’s account of personal experiences.   However, when you consider the word â€Å"graphic,† you may not think of â€Å"graphic novel,† your mind may think instead in terms of those movie ratings that warn of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"graphic violence or â€Å"graphic sex scenes.†Ã‚  Ã‚  It may be confusing to understand how a â€Å"graphic memoir† could be for children. What Graphic Memoir Means However, there are other definitions for â€Å"graphic,† including â€Å"of or relating to the pictorial arts† (pictorial: â€Å"having or using pictures†)  that better describe what the term â€Å"graphic† means in the context of â€Å"graphic memoir.†Ã‚   If you are familiar with graphic novels and comic books, you know they use panels of sequential art with the text generally embedded as dialogue or just under the panel as a description.  One of the easiest ways to describe a graphic memoir is to say it is a memoir written and illustrated using the same general format found in a graphic novel. In short, both the words and the pictures are crucial to telling the story. Another term that publishers are using more frequently  to describe nonfiction books that use a graphic novel format is â€Å"graphic nonfiction.† A graphic memoir would be considered a subcategory of graphic nonfiction. Good Examples of Graphic Memoirs There are much more graphic novels, such as Rapunzel’s Revenge, for kids than there are graphic memoirs.  One excellent graphic memoir for middle-grade readers (ages 9 to 12) is Little White Duck: A Childhood in China, written by Na Liu and illustrated by Andres’ Vera Martinez. The combination of words and pictures tends to make graphic memoirs appealing to even reluctant readers and this book is particularly well done. To learn more, read the book review of Little White Duck: A Childhood in China.   One of the most well-known graphic memoirs is Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Mariane Satrapi. It is on YALSA’s Ultimate Teen Bookshelf, which is a list of â€Å"must-have† teen materials for libraries and includes 50 books. Persepolis tends to be recommended for teens and adults. Another graphic memoir that has received a great deal of positive press and a number of starred reviews is March (Book One) by Congressman John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell. The publisher, Top Shelf Productions, describes Lewiss memoir as a graphic novel memoir. No Standard Terms Yet Since there is, as of the beginning of 2014, no widely accepted term to describe nonfiction that combines words and pictures like graphic novels do, and even fewer memoirs that do so, it can be quite confusing. Some sites still refer to such books as â€Å"nonfiction graphic novels,† which is an oxymoron since a novel is fictional. Tween City, a site for librarians, has an excellent list of graphic nonfiction for tweens under the heading â€Å"Nonfiction Graphic Novels.†Ã‚  So, what does this mean for readers? At least for now, if you are looking for graphic nonfiction or graphic memoirs, you may need to use a variety of search terms, but it is becoming easier to find titles within the genre. Sources: Merriam-Webster, dictionary.com

Critical Thinking and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking and Decision Making - Essay Example Logical thinking is a way of thinking that aims at solving a problem or analyzing a situation by resorting to a formal and systematic approach that is akin to being mathematical (Thagard, 2012, p. 38). Logical thinking aids the critical thinking process by allowing an individual analyze a problem or a situation, while restraining the influence of the strong emotions that impact the critical thinking process at a particular time. However, logical thinking carried to its extremes and totally insulated from emotions may turn out to be too mechanical and may lead to wrong conclusions. A pessimistic thinking is one that makes an individual blame oneself if the things go wrong (Thagard, 2012). Pessimistic thinking within limits aids critical thinking by making a person become more alert and responsible. However, too much pessimism obfuscates the critical thinking process by causing excessive stress and

Health organization case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health organization case study - Essay Example The growth of the network may be attributed to dedicated workforce, excellent facilities, and a purposeful mission statement that drives towards providing high quality healthcare services that enhance people’s lives positively. Indeed, the network prides of having one of the largest hospitals in the US, the Banner Good Samaritan Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, which also serves as the network’s headquarters. Moreover, the Banner Good Samaritan Hospital boasts of being a leader in a number of health services and treatments programs, including diabetes, heart care and surgery, and gynecology. Nevertheless, the network enjoys diversity not only in its workforce, but also in the clients it serves, especially considering that, different states have different demographic compositions. Care Management Banner Health values and takes cognizance of the importance of quality of service and patient satisfaction, as the drivers for excellent performance. In this regard, the network ha s put in place mechanisms to ensure its workforce deliver services with minimal or zero patient errors, as well as enhancing safety of both employees and patients in its facilities. In addition to improvement of quality, Banner Health has prioritized on cost control through elaborate management practices, care coordination and performance enhancement. Moreover, Banner Health promotes cross-facility harmonization through a system that ensures sharing of knowledge and information, as well as intergration of activities across the network. The success of this harmonization is evident from the fact that, medical services that patients receive in different Banner facilities are not only of high quality and timely, but they are also uniform across the system. In addition, sharing of knowledge allows healthcare professionals across the network to develop skills that will enhance their service delivery. However, due to diversity, Banner Health promotes functional teams and work groups that c ooperate in establishing and developing policy applicable in all facilities, but giving each facility the discretion to implement such policies. All these functions are enhanced though a dedicated team of professionals and leaders as well as an elaborate technology system that enhances communication across all facilities. Despite operating as not-for-profit organization, Banner Health has managed to be efficient in its operation, making it one of the best health care providers. Indeed, the organization was recognized earlier in year 2013 for excellence in quality, patient care and efficiency by a Truven Health Analysis survey (Banner Health Website, 2013). More specifically, Banner Health scored admirably in its ability to â€Å"save lives and causing fewer patient complications, compliance with industry-recommended standards, making fewer patient errors, releasing patients half a day sooner and patient satisfaction† (Banner Health Website, 2013). In order to enhance quality, the organization invests heavily in innovation as well as in performance management. Primarily, Banner Health collects data from all its facilities and then analyzes such data to measure the level of performance in comparison to predetermined goals and national standards. This allows the organization to identify any gaps that need improvement. Use of technology at Banner Health Banner Health has recognized the importance of technology in today’s health care environment. This aims at ensuring that services are provided with the

Review of Literature Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of Literature - Term Paper Example In chapter 1 of the book Global Islamic Politics, Husain discusses the connection between past and present revivalist movements. He asserts that Islam can be used as a tool for political changes. Like Nasr, he argues that Islam is too nuanced to be generalized as secular or extremist. Instead, its various concepts, such as jihad and taqlid or adherence to legal rulings, have been used and interpreted by diverse Islamic movements. The Quran is subject to diverse interpretations, because personal beliefs color the many ambiguous concepts and statements in it. It supplements the political dimension of Islam and can fit nicely into Islam: Religion, History and Civilization by Nasr. Love and friendship are integral concepts to Islam and can be used to promote interfaith interactions and religious tolerance. In a speech to the pope called â€Å"We and You-Let Us Meet in God’s Love,† Nasr asserts that Christianity and Islam share similar fundamental beliefs in one God and in t eaching the importance of faith in daily living. He understands that there are also core differences in Islamic and Christian beliefs and practices, but he stresses that these differences are not enough to justify centuries of conflict and opposition. He calls for peace between these religions and their followers, as they both pursue a life dedicated to God. He believes that it is possible for Christians and Muslims to be friends, since they are both advocates of love and peace: â€Å"We submit to Him, and ask for His help and affirmation in carrying out this momentous task of meeting with you in friendship and peace under the banner of that Common Word that unites us† (Nasr 4). This article reinforces the article by Chittick on love and friendship. Islam is not a religion of violence, but a religion of love and peace. Chittick argues that love and friendship cannot be separated in Islamic spirituality, because in Persian and Arabic languages alone, saying â€Å"I love youâ €  relates to having a friend in that person that one loves: â€Å"†¦to say â€Å"I love you† in Persian you say dustat daram, literally, â€Å"I have you as a friend† (1). He says that people should understand that the true aim of their love is God, and so they have to act in the kind of love that is characterized by â€Å"God’s beautiful character traits† (Chittick 16). God sends prophets, who teaches people how to love: â€Å"Only when they learn to love by following the prophetic example can they truly love God, and as a function of love for God, love their neighbors as well† (Chittick 18). This article is comparable to the speech of Nasr, because it signifies that love and friendship can also exist among different religions. Love should be the center of interfaith dialogues and instead of spreading hate and aggression, all religious and non-religious people should promote love and friendship that are based on the core of the human spi rit, as Chittick contends. Muslims are widely distributed across the world, and so they cannot be treated as a very small minority. According to the Pew Research Center: â€Å"A comprehensive demographic study of more than 200 countries finds that there are 1.57 billion Muslims of all ages living in the world today, representing 23% of an estimated 2009 world population of 6.8 billion† (1). The main point of this article is that Islam is a potent force to

President Grover Cleveland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

President Grover Cleveland - Research Paper Example He was also nick named as Uncle Jumbo. His commitment towards truth and honesty can be witnessed in his famous words; â€Å"To be president, you should have honesty. Honesty is always telling the truth. Do you tell the truth? Above all tell the truth† (American President – Grover Cleveland). Cleveland has contributed heavily to American politics and social life. This paper analyses Cleveland’s life and his contributions to American politics and society. Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He grew up in New York. He started attending school at the age of 11. When his father died in 1853, Cleveland left school to work and support his family. He moved in 1855 to live and work with his Uncle in Buffalo, New York. He studied law in Buffalo and was admitted to the bar in 1859 (Kelly) Cleveland got married only after he became the twenty second president of America. Probably, he is the only president in the history of America who got married as a president of America. He was 49 at the time of his marriage and his wife Frances Folsom was only 21 at that time. He had five children (three daughters and two sons) in this relationship; however he was alleged to have another child in a premarital relationship. During the Civil War he had hired a substitute when drafted into the army. This was perfectly legal but certainly a disadvantage at a time when most successful northern politicians made much of their military achievements in defense of the Union. More serious still, Cleveland was the father of an illegitimate child. He had provided for the support of the child, but in those Victorian times knowledge of his transgression, should it become widely known, seemed sure to cost him heavily at the polls. Yet three years later he was elected president of the United States (Garraty) The election of Cleveland as America’s president is still mysterious to many people. Cleveland never possessed the normal qualities required for getting the candidature of Democratic Party. He was not much educated and had some illegal relationships while he was selected as the Democratic Marty candidate for presidential election. Military service was compulsory in American military; however he escaped from that using by drafting a substitute into the military. In short, none of his personal, academic or professional achievements or qualities were popular; yet he succeeded in winning the president election purely because of his anti-corruption stands and some other popular opinions he expressed on various issues. Cleveland started his political life during the latter half of nineteenth century after the completion of his law studies. He has gained immense publicity because of his anti-corruption stands since corruption was widespread in American political and social life circuits. He has taken Democratic Party membership and won the mayor election of Buffalo in 1882. Later, (during the period 1883-1885) he became the govern or of New York. He has caught the attention of the people not because of his fight against corruption alone; but because of his stands against tariffs, inflation, imperialism etc. He has demanded political and economic reforms in America which made him the real hero of American politics during the latter part of nineteenth century. Cleveland's phenomenal political rise was not entirely due to his honesty and courage, which were considerable. His unusual success was possible because the American people had become

AuditingSelect a company quoted on the UK stock exchange. Obtain, or Case Study

AuditingSelect a company quoted on the UK stock exchange. Obtain, or download a copy of, the company's last annual report c - Case Study Example This report will touch on the key areas of audit risk that have heightened in the audit report for the year ending 30th April 2012. The main sources of information will be the annual report, respective audit procedures and any other relevant sources. Areas of increased risk a) Revenue Stage Couch Group’s revenues are generated from the three main divisions (continuing operations) which include Rail, UK Bus and North America as a number of joint ventures. Revenue is a key area of concern as it is used in assessing the group’s overall growth and performance (Stage Couch Group Annual report 2012). As pointed out in the company’s annual report for the year ending 30th April 2012, the overall performance was as a result of increased sales in all the three divisions. The revenue increased by 7.76 per cent in 2012 from the 2011 financial team. There are times when the management of a company may misstate the revenue with the aim of impressing investors, the top level ma nagers or the board of directors. The group recognizes revenue share amounts payable or receivable in its income statement at the same period in which related revenue is recognized. The revenue obtained from maintenance income and advertising incomes is treated as miscellaneous revenue by the company. The management of the company says that the company had performed well. However, the low percentage increase in revenue from 2011 to 2012 may be an issue of concern. A 7.76 % increase in the total revenue may be an indication of misappropriation and misstatements. This is a reason why the increase in revenue is an area of increased risk. Investor’s motive is to invest in a company that performs well and indicates growth. They get information of a company through the financial statements so as to make investment decisions (Stage Couch Group Annual report 2012). Therefore, if the revenue for instant does not indicate any growth, they will not invest in that particular company. Oth er times human error might occur when recording revenues or revenue may be recorded at the wrong time. This is another reason of concern on revenues. The audit procedure here is for the auditor to have an understanding of the company and the industry in which the entity operates so as to have a better assessment of the auditing procedures outcome. Audit procedures would also include vouching and verification procedures and analytical review of the financial statements. b) Cash When the company has enough cash, it means that its liquidity position is secure. Cash balances and receipts usually affect the profits of a business. Stage Couch Group cash balances decreased to ? 241 in 2012 from ? 358.3 thus this is a key area of concern that calls for scrutiny of internal controls to detect any error or fraud (Stage Couch Group Annual report 2012). The auditor uses analytical procedures as the audit procedure in detecting any fraud. He compares the cash balances with the projected cash and if the balances exceed or fall below the years expectations, tests of detail are performed. Cash is an area of concern because the management might overstate it to cover up on its liquidity position. c) Accrued receivables According to the 2012 financial statement, accrued receivables decreased to ?16.4 million in 2012 from ? 19.4

President Grover Cleveland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

President Grover Cleveland - Research Paper Example He was also nick named as Uncle Jumbo. His commitment towards truth and honesty can be witnessed in his famous words; â€Å"To be president, you should have honesty. Honesty is always telling the truth. Do you tell the truth? Above all tell the truth† (American President – Grover Cleveland). Cleveland has contributed heavily to American politics and social life. This paper analyses Cleveland’s life and his contributions to American politics and society. Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He grew up in New York. He started attending school at the age of 11. When his father died in 1853, Cleveland left school to work and support his family. He moved in 1855 to live and work with his Uncle in Buffalo, New York. He studied law in Buffalo and was admitted to the bar in 1859 (Kelly) Cleveland got married only after he became the twenty second president of America. Probably, he is the only president in the history of America who got married as a president of America. He was 49 at the time of his marriage and his wife Frances Folsom was only 21 at that time. He had five children (three daughters and two sons) in this relationship; however he was alleged to have another child in a premarital relationship. During the Civil War he had hired a substitute when drafted into the army. This was perfectly legal but certainly a disadvantage at a time when most successful northern politicians made much of their military achievements in defense of the Union. More serious still, Cleveland was the father of an illegitimate child. He had provided for the support of the child, but in those Victorian times knowledge of his transgression, should it become widely known, seemed sure to cost him heavily at the polls. Yet three years later he was elected president of the United States (Garraty) The election of Cleveland as America’s president is still mysterious to many people. Cleveland never possessed the normal qualities required for getting the candidature of Democratic Party. He was not much educated and had some illegal relationships while he was selected as the Democratic Marty candidate for presidential election. Military service was compulsory in American military; however he escaped from that using by drafting a substitute into the military. In short, none of his personal, academic or professional achievements or qualities were popular; yet he succeeded in winning the president election purely because of his anti-corruption stands and some other popular opinions he expressed on various issues. Cleveland started his political life during the latter half of nineteenth century after the completion of his law studies. He has gained immense publicity because of his anti-corruption stands since corruption was widespread in American political and social life circuits. He has taken Democratic Party membership and won the mayor election of Buffalo in 1882. Later, (during the period 1883-1885) he became the govern or of New York. He has caught the attention of the people not because of his fight against corruption alone; but because of his stands against tariffs, inflation, imperialism etc. He has demanded political and economic reforms in America which made him the real hero of American politics during the latter part of nineteenth century. Cleveland's phenomenal political rise was not entirely due to his honesty and courage, which were considerable. His unusual success was possible because the American people had become

Wedding cake model of justice is covere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wedding cake model of justice is covere - Essay Example ess of the arguments in question, the case falls under serious felonies due to the implications of the actions taken by the defendant at the crime scene. Fights between wives and husbands are common from time to time. In some instances, these fights result in assault of either partner. Even though physical assault is a crime, it is a lesser crime compared to murder, rape, or kidnapping. In this respect, domestic violence becomes a less felony, but all the same a crime. The implications of misdemeanors are even less compared to domestic violence or other types of less felony. This makes misdemeanors rank even lower on the wedding cake model. A good example of misdemeanor is traffic rules violation. These types of crimes do not take long court sessions to resolve. In most cases, offenders plead guilty and pay fines, undertake community service, or serve a significantly short jail

Use of Alcohol (Halal Issue) Essay Example for Free

Use of Alcohol (Halal Issue) Essay A controversial issue of Halal is the presence of alcohol in food and beverage. Traditionally, consumers and Islamic jurists have identified alcohol as a substance that is Haram for consumption, whilst the process of fermentation is perceived as an unethical process as it produces intoxicants. Since alcohol exists in small quantities in Halal food products, consumers are unsure of its legal values and whether it can be consumed. However, food producer claims that the fermentation processes itself are not unethical. In fact, the processes are essential in major industrial applications especially food processing and flavoring. Alcohol is pervasive in the food industry in its indispensable role as food soluble, flavoring and preservatives. These distinctive features of alcohol as solvent agents are also extensively applied in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, drugs and antibiotics, and other industrial applications. The total value of the application of alcohol in these industries is in the billions of dollars considering that just in the soft drink sector alone, for example, Coca Cola reported sales of USD22billion in its 2004 annual report.(Alcohol is used as solvent in this industry). Alcohol occurs as a result of the processes of fermentation and in industrial applications, fermentation has proven to be an economically and commercially viable mode to produce alcohol. The type of alcohol that is commonly extracted through this process for the food industry is known as ethanol, which in its purest form would be harmful for consumption. Thus, ethanol is always mixed with other substances to render it safe for consumption.

Examples of Literary Text Analysis

Examples of Literary Text Analysis The written word can spark so much in a person. It can bring a person to have a great imagination, transform a person into a hero, villain, anything that person wants to be. The written word can take a person to any part of the world without even leaving the comfort of your home. The written word breaks through cultural barriers, gives a person other perspectives. The written word can also be used to terry down those bridges people try to climb over to get to the other side. The written word is like an artist without an actual painting. The writer takes a person into the future as well as into the past and back into the present. William Blake, put the art of imagination into eloquent words, This world is a world of imagination and vision. But to eyes of the man of Imagination, Nature is Imagination itself. As a man is, So he sees. (DiYanni, 2007 page 2200) Emotions transpire throughout each piece of work an author has written. Repeated elements in action, gesture, dialogue, descripti on, as well as shifts in direction, focus, time, place. The journey begins with a well known author Cathy Song and her poem Lost Sister. Lost Sister by Cathy Song and the Bible the Prodigal Son This story starts in a culture and identity-envisioning narrative. In China, even peasants named their first daughters Jade-the stone that in the far fields could moisten the dry season. (Cathy Song, (DiYanni, 2007 pp 1188) in the beginning of this story, a father in China, has a daughter and is proud to name her Jade. This is setting the tone from the attitude toward the daughter with love and admiration from a father that is poor and works for a living. The story gives the illusion of maybe the timeframe is placed in an ancient town where there could be different social groups. Known is when the writer says, even the peasants. The narrator goes on to explain the setting metaphor (could make men move mountains for the healing green of the inner hills glistening like slices of winter melon) Figurative Language, metaphorically the narrator is speaking of the stone jade and what it means to men, and how they will attain this precious stone. Structuralism and Social Criticism is applie d when the narrator goes into what was expected of a daughter given the historical period. (And the daughters were grateful: They never left home. To move freely was a luxury stolen from them at birth. Pp 1189) Feminist Criticism In this line the interpretation is that the women are restricted to what they are allowed to do and not allowed to do. The narrator changes the daughters attitude from being grateful into feeling trapped and helpless for being a young girl that is born into this life. (Instead, they gather patience; learning to walk in shoes the size of teacups, without breaking-the arc of their movements as dormant as rooted willow, as redundant as the farmyard hens. Pp 1189) Lost Sister by Cathy Song and the Bible the Prodigal Son This gives the reader the since that the daughter does not look forward to what she does day in and day out. In these lines, she is wishing she could go away somewhere better. The poem goes on mentioning a sister; however, this sister is on the other side of the ocean. (There is a sister across the ocean, who relinquished her name, diluting jade green with the blue of the Pacific. Pp 1189) this sister apparently did not like the restrictions put on her way of life so she did something about her situation and left China. In comparison the in Acts the New Testament, the author Luke, The Prodigal son, did not like where he lived and so took upon himself to go to another country. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 27). This poem uses Flashback and Symbols (You find you need China: your one fragile identification, a jade link handcuffed to your wrist. You remember your mother who walked for centuries, footlessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ and like her, you have left no footprints, but only because there is an ocean in between, the unremitting space of your rebellion.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 1190). Both sisters have a conscience of an inner conflict one sister desires to please her family by staying in China, Acts the New Testament, the author Luke, Just like the oldest son in The Prodigal Son, Now the elder son was in the field, and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard music and dancing. In addition, the son said to the father; Lo, these many years do I serve, neither transgressed also obeyed what you have command. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 27). The sister in America flashing back and is regretting leaving her life in China, she is finding out freedom is not so free and this life is not what she probably had imagined. Girl by Jamaica Kincaid and Alice Walker in Everyday Use The similarities of these stories are the relationships that mothers and daughters have with each other. In the Girl by Jamaica Kincaid, it starts with a mother giving instructions on how the wash is supposed to be done. (Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) There is no introduction of the characters, no action, and no traditional plotline. In the story of Everyday Use by Alice Walker, this story has a similar theme, a mother with two daughters narrates this story and how she interacts with each daughter. In similarities both stories are Anthropological each story gives a history behind the story. In Everyday Use Mrs. Johnson, starts out describing how her relationship is with her eldest daughter. Then the mother goes on telling about the day when Dee, the daughter came home from college. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 743) Both stories give an allusion to where the sett ing takes place. Girl, by Kincaid, the setting took place in their house, during the instruction on how to keep the house clean. (This is how you sweep a corner; this is how sweep a whole house; this is how you sweep a yard; (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 398)In Walkers story Everyday Use The daughters have different view points on how they see their identities and on how they view their heritage. The conflict is over some heirloom quilts. The story Girl by Jamaica Kincaid continues with other instructions on how to become a Young woman should act like. (dont walk barhead in the hot sun; cook pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil; soak your little clothes right after you take them off.) (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) These values are passed on to their daughters which are frequently heard by mothers throughout the story especially in Jamaica Kincaids story of Girl by Jamaica Kincaid and Alice Walker in Everyday Use Girl commands to help prevent her daughter from becoming a slut. the slut that she is so bent on becoming.(DiYann, 2007, Pp 397) There is not much difference in a cultural relationship between mothers and daughters in the past to the present day. The mother wants to pass on the necessary cultural and moral practices and values that she was taught by her mother. In both points of view, the narrator is speaking in the first person. In Girl by Jamaica Kincaid, the mother is referring to herself as I for example; the slut I know you are so bent on becoming and the slut I have warned you against becoming. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 397) Mrs. Johnson, an uneducated woman, tells the story herself. Mrs. Johnson said, I never had an education myself. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 745) The church raised money to help send Dee to school in Augusta, GA. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 744). The stories both depict a social and economic view on how life was. Girl by Jamaica Kincaid showed the economy by how she brought to atten tion in pp 397; dont sing benna in Sunday school; you mustnt speak to wharf-rat boys, not even to give directions. Critics appreciate the quality of how Kincaid and Walker represented the image of how mother and daughters bond and how powerful one person can effect ones life. The reader learns a particularly relationship operates in a colonial culture and in the deep south of Georgia. Both writers use the observation of life to validate their experiences in their own life. Both writers used this technique to authenticate oppressed group of people: lower class, black women. This is point of view is also shared with the oppressing of a group of people by the poem by Langston Hughes; Dream Deferred and Woody Guthries poem This Land Is Your Land. This Land Is Your Land by Woody Guthrie and Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes This land is your land, this land is my land, From California to the New York island; from the redwood forest, to the Gulf Stream waters This land was made for you and me. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 897) Woody Guthrie, started his poem out with a patriotic song that sets the tone for being proud of ones country. Compared to Hughes poem Dream Deferred, he starts questioning the American dream. What happens to a dream deferred? (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 896) Gathrie, goes on in his poem stating; As I walking the ribbon of highway I saw above me the endless skyway: I saw below me that golden valley: This land was made for you and me. This stanza is pointing out that dreams and possiblities are possible. Nevertheless, in Hughes poem the question is not having the dream but points out that the narrator has the dream but because of cirumstances that is not knowing to the reader he goes on asking, Does it dry up like a rasien in the sun? (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 897) Or fester like a sore-and then run? This par t of the poem in oness opioin is asking if he should put the dream aside for awhile but then it becomes to strong of a desire to make this dream come true it may just come out despite the obscales in the way. On the contrary, in Guthries poem Ive roamed and rambled and I followed my footsteps To the sparkling sands of her diamond deserts; And all around me a voice was sounding: This land was made for you and me. When the sun came shining, and I was strolling, And the wheat fields waving and dust clouds rolling, As fog was lifting voice was chanting: This land was made for you and me. As I went walking, I saw a sign there, And on the sign it said No Trespassing. Here the narrator roams the United States however there are parts in the This Land Is Your Land by Woody Guthrie and Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes United States those are not free to roam. Guthrie, a radical, was inspired to write the song as an answer to Irving Berlins popular God Bless America, which he thought failed to recognize that it was the people to whom America belonged. The words to This Land Is Your Land reflect Guthries assumption that patriotism, support for the underdog, and class struggle were all of a piece. In this song, Guthrie celebrates Americas natural beauty and bounty, but criticizes the country for its failure to share its riches. Reflected in the poem least-known verse: In the shadow of the steeple I saw my people, By the relief office I seen my people; As they stood hungry, I stood there asking Is this land made for you and me. (DiYanni, 2007, Pp 898) Woody Guthrie, This was material deliberately created to promote the war effort, expressing the passionate fervor of left-wing resistance to fascism. The poem Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes and the poem This Land is Your Land by Woody Guthrie, is clea rly a supporter of the American culture to have change in how America views freedom for all. Langston Hughes poem Dream Deferred is expressing the same theme as Woody Guthrie has pointed out that words can transform a person into a hero, capture a persons since of what is right and what is wrong. The imagery that is vividly written on paper touches a persons emotions to make things right or at least reflect on how the future can be changed. Both poems have a way of being a window through the construction of the poem so one can see the reality of what message they want to get across. Using irony and figurative speech help strength each line to understand what the message was. Conclusion Even during the 1960s, American progressives continued to seek ways to fuse their love of country with their opposition to the governments policies. The March on Washington in 1963 gathered at the Lincoln Memorial, where Martin Luther King Jr. famously quoted the words to My Country Tis of Thee, repeating the phrase Let freedom ring 11 times. (Dreier and Flacks, 2005) This tone is set through out Hughesand Guthrie poems and short stories and songs, seting the stage to get this message out that all men should be free to choose where they want to live and all men and women should be free to pursue their dreams without another telling them what dream they should have. Along with woody guthries songs that freedom should be granted not just to the people that have money. But to all that do an honesty days work and get paid equally. In all the short stories and poems that have been represented in this essay, the one thing that all of the authors have in common is their basic values, and ec onomic and social equality to mass parcipation in politices. The desire to have free speech and civil liberties an eleminate the second-class citizenship and racial minorities. William Blake, put the art of imagination into such eloquent words, This world is a world of imagination and vision. But to eyes of the man of Imagination, Nature is Imagination itself. As a man is, So he sees. (DiYanni, 2007 page 2200) John Kotter wrote, The single biggest challenge in manging change is not strategy, structure, or culture, but just getting people to change their behavior. Kotter goes on to say that People change their behaviors only when they are motivated to do so, and that happens when you speak to their feelings. These authors speak to ones feelings to motivate a person to make things right.

Planning Methods Brief Essay examples -- Business, Public Policy

The recently introduced Local Enterprise Partnership’s (LEP’s) should be meticulous in identifying barriers that impede growth in local and regional economies and subsequently apply the necessary strategic planning policies to overcome socio-economic issues. Relative to this, the specific focus of the following briefing paper analyses the methodological steps required by the policy makers in the Greater Birmingham and Solihull LEP to assess current issues correctly in order to apply appropriate strategic policy action. In addition, the report clarifies the possible indicators that provide an outline of socio-economic conditions in the LEP, as a parallel, recommendation on reliable data sources will be provided. Important enquiries will be made in regards to monitoring and measurement of indicators for future planning strategy in the LEP. Currently the necessity to measure the outcomes resulting from data research within spatial policy is absent from the existing local G overnment Performance Framework (RTPI.org.uk). Significantly, the spatial planning system requires the development plan and core strategy be created on a robust credible evidence base. Methodology: Recommendations for the development indicators, research and analysis. Rationale The fundamental reasons of analysing indicators is to explore their patterns of spatial distribution and to investigate the degree to which there is measurable co-variation and interactive effect across different issues of the phenomenon studied (Wong 2006). Such analysis is generally guided by existing theories on the relationship between different factors or variables. There are however, major difficulties when connecting independent variables and the measurement of these variables in p... ...d for each listing the size of the house (in square feet), the number of bedrooms, the average income in the respective neighborhood according to census data, and a subjective rating of appeal of the house. Once this information has been compiled for various houses it would be interesting to see whether and how these measures relate to the price for which a house is sold. For example, you might learn that the number of bedrooms is a better predictor of the price for which a house sells in a particular neighborhood than how "pretty" the house is (subjective rating). You may also detect "outliers," that is, houses that should really sell for more, given their location and characteristics. However, there are negatives in using the regression model for prediction, for example it makes the assumption that the current model remains valid for the predicted observations.

Holden Caufield from The Catcher In the Rye :: essays papers

Holden Caufield from The Catcher In the Rye A family can be classified as one of many things. It can be a group of people living under one roof; a group of people of common ancestry; or even a unit of a crime syndicate like the Mafia (Merriam Webster). But to Holden Caulfield, the main character of J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher In The Rye, his family was what we as a society normally think of when that word is spoken. There are always variations on a theme, but a typical family consists of two parents and at least one child. During the 1950’s when the novel is set, adoption was virtually unheard of and divorce could be considered a sin where as today these are common practices. But one thing about family that has prevailed through the decades is the family’s affect on a person’s existence. The way a person interacts with their family can affect them for the rest of their lives. And the way a family interacts with a specific person can affect that person for the rest of their life. It is a two way relationship which is often complicated and confusing, especially to Holden. Holden’s family is obviously very important to him. The novel opens with talking about his parents and his brother. Holden negatively criticizes them to hide the fact that he truly loves them. But, one would ask, how can you love those you never see? Holden is constantly being shipped from one boarding school to another. This absence between him and his parents intensifies his general alienation from everyone. Holden’s only real love in the family is for his sister Phoebe. The bond and respect between brother and sister can not be broken no matter how far the distance between them. When Holden arrives back in New York, he immediately wanted to call someone; his sister Phoebe. "She wouldn’t’ve cared if I’d woke her up†¦" (Salinger 59) Many people her age would not appreciate being woken up that late at night, especially by their brother, but there is a mutual respect between Phoebe and Holden that would allow for this event to occur. Throu gh out the whole novel, this relationship continues because she is his little sister and he would never hurt her. In today’s world, this type of relationship is next to impossible.

Colonial America to Modern America Essay

All the colonies that were founded in the seventeenth century contributed to the values of perennial America. The three colonies that made the most significant contributions were the colonies of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. These colonies displayed the democratic government that we are ruled under today, their educational opportunities were strong and sound, and the religious toleration of these colonies was strong and many religions shared the colonies in peace. Their social plurality kept them safe from the Indians and helped them build relationships that made their colony successful and thrive, while other colonies struggled to survive. These relationships that were formed helped their economic materialism, trade. The colonies of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut contributed greatly to the type of government that we use today. Although Virginia was first ruled by crown, the people, under Nathaniel Bacon, created a document, Declaration in the Name of the People (primary source, document 9). This document convicted the governor of Pennsylvania of crimes against the people and they over threw him and took control for themselves. Pennsylvania, unlike Virginia, was governed right from the start by the people. The type of government in which they were ruled by was a proprietary government, ruled by the land-owning people. Although the proprietary government is not a true democratic government, matters that needed to be resolved were discussed by all (Richard Townsend). Connecticut was completely self-governing. All the control was under the power of the people locally, no outside force had control (pg 37). The educational value of these colonies was very important. Not only did they show that befriending the Indians would prove to be valuable but also very deadly. The social plurality also had a factor in how the Indians responded to the colonies, whether they were welcoming, or hostile. These colonies showed the good and the bad of treating people who were native to the lands. Pennsylvania for example the people were very friendly towards the Indians that were occupying the lands. This kindliness and love created a bond between the Penn’s and the Indians that was not found in many colonies (Richard Townsend). Virginia was different. Although the governor of Virginia was friendly to the Indians, the Indians still attacked the people of the colony. The colonists, lead by Nathaniel Bacon, wanted the governor to attack the Indians and take vengeance for what had happened to the slain colonists. Berkley, the governor, did not attack, so the colonists took matters into their own hands and chased the governor out of town and attacked the Indians brutally (pg 68). This event was important for the educational value because it showed that rulers needed to listen to the people and act for the people to keep them under control and in the rulers favor. The social plurality in Virginia was that the Indians did not want the colonists there, so they attacked the colonists trying to rid them of lands only to create an uprising that killed many people. This shows that not all the Indians had the same views on the colonists. Connecticut both befriended Indians and created war with the Indians at the same time. The Narragansett Indian tribe helped the people of Connecticut in the Pequot war (pg 52). The powerful Pequot Indians took up war with the people of the area. With the Indian allies, the colonists crushed the Pequot threat. The educational value of this war was that although some Indians are hostile, others are kind when there is a common enemy; this idea carries over to modern America. Virginia was the most economically sound colony, other than Massachusetts, because of the tobacco that the colonists grew and exported to England and other countries (pg 67). Ships exported about 1. million pounds of tobacco out of the Chesapeake Bay by the 1630’s. By the end of century, approximately 40 million pounds of tobacco was exported out of the Chesapeake Bay (pg 67). These Virginian farmers needed a major amount of indentured servants. These indentured servants, or slaves, were paid very low wages from their masters. Pennsylvania was not as economically sound as Virginia because they did not have the direct access to the sea, but they did flourish. The colonists of Pennsylvania befriended the Indians which created trade with them, this added culture to both the Indians and the people of Pennsylvania. They also built mills in which the people from all around brought their corn to be ground up and used in many of the foods that were cooked (Richard Townsend). The trade among the people inside Pennsylvania was sound and very vast. Religious toleration is a key part of modern America. Virginia had a vast population of Scots and of the Irish. These people who immigrated to Virginia where allowed to build churches in which they could go and pray and have masses (pg 88). This created diversity in Virginia and made them a prospering colony. Pennsylvania, who was accepting of anyone, allowed people to practice their religion in freedom (Richard Townsend). Connecticut had a harsh religious toleration. The Blue Laws of Connecticut, forbid people to have any other worship than Lord God, or they would be put to death (The Blue Laws of Connecticut, Deuteronomy 13. 6. Exodus 22. 20). There were many other laws that forbid people of other religion to do certain actions. These laws were not accepted vastly, only to the people who read the bible. The colonies of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut are three colonies that contributed the most to modern America. Their economic materialism was sound which made them all successful colonies and allowed them to expand and thrive. The democratic values of these colonies helped shape the democracy that we use today. Their educational opportunities gave us the knowledge of knowing what no to do when events like theirs arise again, so history does not repeat itself. The religious toleration made America a country in which any religion is accepted.

Broadening Your Prospective Essay

1. Compute the activity-based overhead rate for each activity cost pool. Activity-based overhead is determined by dividing estimated overhead by the estimated cost drivers. Activity cost Pool Estimated Overhead /Cost drivers=ACB Overhead Rate Market analysis 1,050,00015,000$70 Product Design2,350,0002,500$940 Product development3,600,00090$40,000 Prototype testing1,400,000500$2,800 2. How much cost would be charged to an in-house manufacturing department that consumed 1,800 hours of market analysis time, was provided 280 designs relating to 10 products, and requested 92 engineering tests? The total charged to an in-house manufacturing department would be $1,046,800. This dollar amount is determined by multiplying the overhead rates of each activity to the amount consumed for that activity and added together for a total. (1,800*70= 126,000), (280*940=263,200) (10*40,000=400,000), (2,800*92=257,600) 3. How much cost would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company on a contract that would consume 800 hours of analysis time, require 178 designs relating to 3 products, and result in 70 engineering tests? $539,320 would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company because that dollar amount is the breakeven point. (800*70=56,000), (178*940=167,320), (3*40,000= 120,000), (70*2,800=196,000) 4. What is the benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes? The benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes is it will allow the company to gain control of the operating costs of the department. Activity-based costing allows a company to appropriately assign overhead head cost. For example, Ideal manufacturing activities fell into four pools and activity-based costing helped the company to properly allocate its overhead dollars. Under using or over using overhead dollars means the company has to supplement those funds from or to another activity which is a waste to the company. The basis of activity-based costing is to assign cost only to those activities of a product that is actually using the activity in essences cutting costs. This is not only a benefit to Ideal Manufacturing but to any company that is looking to become more efficient and effective.

Reconstrution and Race Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reconstrution and Race Relations - Essay Example The exercise of freedom for the freed slaves was quite a challenging prospect especially in the southern states as the white southerners set up road blocks to any achievement of freedom for the former slaves. The southern states’ economies were in shambles at the time and many of its young men were dead or maimed after the war. They, however, formerly owned fewer slaves yet ironically, they vehemently opposed the freedom of the slaves. The Radical Republicans (as they called themselves) used their white majority during voting exercises to pass legislations and restrictions against the black minority, their legislators and voters. In Georgia poll tax of 1877, white southern legislatures passed laws that created more barriers to voting by blacks and poor whites, working to suppress the black vote and reduce it through changes in voter registration, election procedures, poll taxes, residency requirements, rule variations, literacy and understanding tests which were particularly h ard for the poor and especially blacks to fulfill while, for instance, exempting other white voters from literacy test using the grandfather clause. In addition, cases such as the Williams v. Mississippi (1898) and Giles v. Harris (1903) including white primaries created situations that prevented most blacks from voting in southern states. The white southerners also used force to prevent the exercise of any freedom by the former slaves. The enactment of the Jim Crow laws and the subsequent use of force and terror to enforce them aided them greatly in their aims. They waged terror through members of a secret vigilante organization called the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The clan waged war even against whites they considered traitors to the race and the region as they sought so desperately to turn back the hands of time to before when African Americans gained the right to vote. Apart from the Ku Klux Klan, other such groups included the White League and the Red Shirts. The southern whites also used racial segregation in many forms as a tool to meet their aims. Blacks and whites rode in different parts of the bus, supported different baseball teams, enjoyed separate public parks and watched movies in separate theatres. Public schools were established separately for whites and blacks (1867) (Hofstadter (1982) where the white dominated municipal governments withheld funds from black schools. White residents also refused to sell or lease land for colored school construction. Due to the segregation, enrolment in black schools greatly exceeded the standard capacity as there were fewer black schools for the growing black community leading to low education standards. The blacks in turn challenged these efforts by the white southerners through law suits amongst other means and according to Foner (1988), the Freedman’s Bureau threatened lawsuits over unfair division of school funds eventually getting some money turned over to a panel of colored trustees for administration o f colored schools. Other such successful lawsuits included Guinn v. United States (1915), Lane v. Wilson (1939) and Smith v. Allwright (1944). The freed people also sought to enhance educational advances, one of the reasons they had been deemed inferior. They begun to buy and lease land for school construction and housing, for example, from the Barry family north of the insane asylum of Anacostia. Most of this they

Biology2.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology2.1 - Essay Example sion of the virus to humans occurs as a result of human contact with an already infected fowl as well as contaminated surfaces (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, par. 13). By definition, transmission is the spread or passing of a contagious infection from one person to another or from a contaminated surface or animal to humans. Contamination is very likely to occur in Asia due to poor hygiene amongst Asians contributed by high population. In these areas therefore, a pandemic is most likely to occur when birds are infected. In laymans terms, a pandemic is an outbreak. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention notes that the mortality or death rate as a result of a Bird Flu infection is between 90-100 per cent in most cases in forty eight hours (par. 3). This virus can pose a global threat if it changes to a form that can enhance or enable its transmission from one human being to another (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, par. 15). Bird Flu replicates through a lytic cycle. Lytic cycle is whereby the virus invades the genetic material of the host animal and subsequently exploit the host cells to reproduce till the cells rupture hence killing them. In comparison, the virus in a lysogenic cycle reproduces without killing the cell (Brooker 379). Once a pathogen, in this case the virus attacks the human, the body reacts through adaptive immunity whereby it is able to identify the virus in case of re-infection and immediately produces antibodies that starts to attack the virus to destroy or kill it. The cells responsible for this process are B-cells and T-cells. T-cells kills the cells infected with the virus and trigger production of cells referred to as interferon that slows down its reproduction (Nathanson 88). To treat viral infections, antiviral drugs to prevent replication of the virus can be administered or drugs to kill the infected cells without killing the host (Nathanson 238). Flu vaccines are made using dead viruses. These dead viruses

Racial identity politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Racial identity politics - Essay Example THESIS STATEMENT: Despite the fact that Marable’s vision of resolving the issue of racial identity politics might seem rather radical and somewhat inconsistent with the ideas of other black leaders/scholars (for example, in his approach to the nationalist or integrationist movement), Marable provides a well thought out redirection of U.S. racial politics to a wider scope of activities and produces a new and meaningful understanding of race. Marable’s Interpretation of Race The perspective on dealing with racial issues within the contemporary American politics and economy, as expressed in Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics, is left, or, better, radically left. Specifically, in his interpretation of race, Marable relies on the primary role of class oppression. He observes the difficulty of disconnecting the national identity from the privilege which opposes the definition of race. This privilege, according to Marable, is determined by the super ior status of the white who comes from the upper class and is stereotypically a male. Yet, unlike the majority of thinkers, Marable does not contemplate the race in terms of White/Black opposition, but he sees race as the concept which lies at the intersections with many other types of subordination. Indeed, racism in the United States concerns not just African Americans, but also Asians, Native Americans, Latinos, Pacific Americans, as well as other people on the ground of ethnicity, color, mannerisms, or culture (Marable 5). Guided by historical materialism and Marxist approach in particular, Marable redefines the concept of race in the context of contemporary changes in economic and political life. According to Marable, rather than focusing on a narrow opposition between African Americans and whites, one should strive to develop a complex vision of the race’s instrumentality. This may well be explained by the changes in the fundamental structure of the United States econom y, for example, a flood of legal as well as illegal workers from the countries of the Third World, who basically redefined the meaning of race. This has led to considerable political consequences for all parts and classes within the American society. The innovative approach to interpretation of race found in Marable’s text takes the reader beyond the limited duality of the racial politics centered on black and white opposition. His vision of race is based on reconsidering the essence of â€Å"blackness† in African-Americans’ consciousness and political identity. Hence, the concept of race – of blackness – needs to be redefined both ideologically and with regard to material terms. This is necessitated by the fact that hundreds of thousands of people of Afro-American, Hispanic, and Caribbean origin move to the United States and get assimilated within numerous cities with other non-whites. Therefore, diversity and complexity are two crucial concepts t hat characterize black family relationship, religious affiliations, cultural traditions, and languages. This means that the

Economics Assignment, The Market for Rhodium Essay

Economics Assignment, The Market for Rhodium - Essay Example Now if the prices remained same of palladium and rhodium, the demand for rhodium might increase at higher ratio than palladium because of the difference in the prices. Due to low demand of palladium, its price was decreased by the company which increased its demand. Due to increased demand for palladium, the demand for rhodium has fallen to large extent in the auto catalyst use. Because the demand for antipollution chemical has aroused only in the auto catalyst industry while the consumption of rhodium and palladium by other industries remained same. Now when the price of rhodium has fallen there is a big difference in the demand for rhodium in auto catalyst industry as compared to other industries. As auto catalyst is the major consuming unit of antipollution chemicals so demand has fallen for rhodium particularly in it due to increase in demand for palladium. Hence the trend of demand for rhodium has fallen. In the above diagram, DD is demand curve for year 2001 with demand 557 and price 1829.79 approx. D^D^ is the demand curve for year 2000 having average price of 2025.47 and demand 809. The difference between total demand has caused the price to move also. Ans.: The demand for rhodium as compared to palladium reduces in resulting of cross price elasticity. It shows that the price of palladium has been reduced by the company to reduce the pollution in the car exhausts. The greater demand of antipollution chemicals in the society enforces the company to reduce the price of palladium in order to increase its demand as compared to rhodium. The company decreases the price of palladium which greatly affects the demand and price of rhodium. Because of decreased prices of palladium, the demand for rhodium has also decreased which ultimately causes its price to be decreased. Hence due to the decrease in the price of palladium the price for rhodium has also decreased. Subsidization of industries can play an

Counseling Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counseling Needs - Essay Example The diagram on the next page illustrates the framework to be followed by me as the counsellor. The figure shows the interrelationship between the client and the counsellor, within the content and process influences that impact upon the individual, with the collaboration and intervention of the counsellor. I should work closely with policy makers in the organization, based on the theory by Savickas, Van Esbroeck and Herr that career guidance is a socio-political instrument for advancing organizational goals while helping the individual to realize a personally satisfying career (Patton & McMahon, 2006:231). The policy makers set the organizational system, which functions inside the social and environmental/societal systems. Working in the system side by side with the individual is the counsellor, who uses a collaborative and negotiating technique that makes up the pro-active approach. The counsellor finds out the policies and objectives in the organization, and helps the individual to adjust to the constantly changing organization.

Antigone before Creon Essay Example for Free

Antigone before Creon Essay In the first scene where Sentry appears he is visiting Creon to inform him of the news of the body of Polynice has been buried. From the moment he arrives on stage, Sentry is petrified even from the stage directions this is shown, as it states ‘struggling he is very frightened’ so to help this to be portrayed to the audience that Sentry is terrified, his body language would be all tense, his shoulders would be raised with his head and neck sinking between his shoulders. His facial expressions would help show that he is worried what Creon will have to say, so his eyes would be squinting with his nose wrinkled and with his eyebrows slightly raised whilst he is changing from biting to licking his lips frequently, this will help express that he’s so unbelievably nervous and worried about breaking this news to Creon even before actually speaking to him. Another moment which would show that Sentry is terrified telling Creon about the burial is when he first speaks to Creon ‘My Lord Creon sir! If I can hardly speak for the lack of breath it’s not ‘cos I ran ’ the use of respecting address ‘My Lord’ and ‘ ’ helps show the worry and anxiety of speaking to Creon. Sentry would perform this so his voice would be quick, but shaky, with extended pause to emphasise the ‘ ’ to help elucidate the nervousness Sentry has and that he’s panicking because of the high authority Creon has. Whilst stuttering these words out, Sentry’s body would still be all tense from entering, but he would now start fidgeting and wringing his hands, to help show that he is feeling uncomfortable and uneasy. When Sentry is rambling on to Creon and when he says ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it, should I? ’ this shows that Sentry is trying to convince himself that he’s done no wrong, he’s only the messenger of this news, he had no part in the event. So the way Sentry would perform this would be, he’d say ‘So I shouldn’t be punished for it ’ in quite a stern voice, as he’s stating that he shouldn’t be penalized for telling Creon about the incident which has taken place. And whilst saying that, he would lower his head a little, with his eyes looking up at Creon with also raised eyebrows with his mouth slightly to the left pouting vaguely, his body would be leaning forward a little with his shoulders tense and lifted a bit, then with his left arm would be turn in quite tense with his index finger pointing to his chest with him repeating the point movement a few times to help emphasising he’s done no wrong and he is stating this. But then Sentry would realise who he is talking too, and would become more timid when saying ‘ should I? ’ as if he is questioning not just Creon about it but himself, as he would begin to think, should he be punished, has he done wrong. So he would lower his sharp tone in his voice, and make it become more high pitched, to give emphasis to him questioning the situation. His body would then quickly shoot up from the leaning forward his shoulders wouldn’t be raised but his whole body would tense up, with his left foot slightly in front of his right ,he would then freeze with his arms bent in, tucked underneath his armpits, with his hands seemingly flapping inwards to his chest, to help show his uncertainty. Another moment which shows that Sentry is scared stiff is when Creon has shouted at Sentry demanding who has disobeyed his orders, Sentry replies with ‘No way of knowing we’ve no idea! no digging, no spade marks no wheel tracks or anything. ’ he appears to be listing the absence of any possible evidence which suggests how or by whom this incident has taken place, which is emphasising he is in fear of Creon, and is totally ‘panic stricken’. So Sentry would perform this by ‘stating the list’ rapidly, but stuttering to emphasise he is thinking of things to say so Creon doesn’t screech at him. So the tone of Sentry’s voice would be at a high pitch, rushed and shaky, he’d be trembling whilst speaking which would draw attention to his anxiety and fear to this whole situation. Sentry would be all tensed up, his shoulders would be raised with his neck sinking in, his arms would be bent in with his hands close to his chest, but again all fidgeting, wringing his hands, he would also be shaking again, which would show his panic. He would be moving backwards and forwards on the spot but gradually moving slowing further away from Creon to help make the point of his fear of Creon and the situation. Another moments is when Sentry is explaining to Creon when they heard the news that Polynice’s body had been buried and they all suspected each other, who was going to tell Creon and when he states ‘I drew the short straw’ this shows that nobody wanted to do this, none of them wanted to be the person to break this news to Creon, as it ‘scared them all shitless’ and they are ‘scared stiff’ of Creon. So Sentry would perform this by emphasising that no one wanted to break this news to Creon as they feared their own life because they had no clue what Creon would do about the incident or to them even. So Sentry would be slightly more confident when saying this because he’s told Creon about the incident now, so now the anxiety of breaking the news to Creon is over, he would step a little closer to Creon to show that he’s not as petrified as he was at the beginning and to show that he’s only the messenger of the whole situation, he doesn’t want to be there as much as Creon doesn’t want him to be there. Sentry’s posture would be less apprehensive and more relaxed because the deed is done, he wouldn’t feel as up tight, so his arms, hands, shoulders and face wouldn’t be as tense, his eyes would be on Creon, making eye contact with him, much of the anguish in his face would have disappeared, so it would be more relaxed, his eyebrows would be lowered, his mouth would appear less strained, depicting more of a natural look, the tone of his voice would be lowered, and he is a little more confident and stronger which shows his sense of relief that he has broke the news to Creon. The second episode of Sentry contrasts with his first visit to Creon, he approaches him with a friendly address ‘Lord Creon’ rather than respecting address like before ‘My Lord Creon’. This shows that Sentry is no longer petrified of Creon, he has done what he was told to do, and he is freed without conviction. To help show this Sentry would perform with a more confident attitude, the friendly approach he gives to Creon shows a slight hint of sarcasm and arrogance towards Creon because he has brought Creon’s ‘criminal’. So the tone of his voice would be strong and loud, with a bold pitch showing the confidence in Sentry, he would sound calm without stuttering. His posture would be up right, his shoulders would be back, his arms would be by his side slightly away from his body, his hands would be relaxed but strong, in a cup shape position to help emphasise the confidence he has. His facial expressions would be strong, his head would be up slightly, with his chin raised up, his eyes would be bold making eye contact with Creon, his eyebrows would be raised, with his mouth slightly pouting to show assurance and certainty. Another moment is when Sentry says ‘This Job was all mine, I caught her ’ this helps show that in this scene Sentry is glad and is proud of himself, he achieved what Creon ordered him to do, and he’ll tell Creon as much as he pleases because he knows he’s done the right thing and it’s what his King wanted. So to help emphasise this, Sentry would perform confidently with a slight cocky manner. For example in his voice when he says ‘ This job was all mine ’ the tone in his voice would be loud and bold, and slightly high, to help express that he is pleased with himself. Again his posture would be up right, and confident, his shoulders would be back, his head slightly up, his right arm would be up, bent at the elbow and his lower arm and hand facing into him, and he would point to himself with force to show confidence and pride and that he wants take all the credit for it. And when Sentry says ‘I caught her,’ the tone in his voice would lower slightly and become more forceful and a lot louder. His attitude would become a little more aggressive and more arrogant because he wants to show to Creon that he’s not scared of him, he can’t punish him because he’s done what Creon wanted, so he wants to show that he too has authority, he is an independent, strong man, and Creon has nothing to put against him. So his posture would still be very confidence and bold with his shoulders back and head up, his hand gesture pointing to himself would become more aggressive and quicker as he says ‘I caught her,’ to help emphasise that he’s done want he was told and he’s free to go. His face would become a little tense but not because he is scared like before but because he has become more confidence and arrogant so his mouth would tense up, he would grit his teeth together with a tense jaw whilst saying ‘I caught her,’ his eyebrows would lower and would be rounded towards his eyes, his eyes would be slightly scrunched up and would have a sharp stare towards Creon. This shows his arrogance and sort of pride that he manages to capture the ’criminal’ so again he wants all the credit. Another moment which shows the changes of Sentry’s attitude is when he states to Creon ‘By rights, I’m free to go; and well shot of all of it. ’ This shows the relief which Sentry has, he knows he is right and that Creon cannot hold him to anything any longer and the fact that he has found the ‘criminal’ for Creon, he should be praised for doing this deed. To help show that Sentry is relived, his manner would become more relaxed than before, his arm would still be bent at the elbow with his lower arm and hand facing his body pointing, but his posture wouldn’t be up right, most of his weight would be on his right side, with his right hip lifted and with his left leg bent at the knee with his foot turned out, whist saying ‘ By rights, I’m free to go ’ he would still be pointing to himself with force to show his confidence, and when he says ‘ and well shot of all of it’ his whole manner and posture would stay the same but his right arm would lower with a fast rounded movement, and would be placed on his lifted right hip, allowing to show attitude and arrogance in his character. Another moment is when Creon asked did Sentry catch the ‘criminal’ Antigone in the act, Sentry replies with ‘Well, gentlemen, it was like this,’ this shows that Sentry enjoys telling the story, that he is proud of himself finding her, proving to Creon that he’s far better than Creon states him to be. So the way Sentry would perform is, the tone in his voice, would be quite low and soft but quite cocky, to help show that Creon is asking him the questions about how Sentry caught the criminal in the act, on his own, he found her, not Creon or anybody else. So he takes his time when he says it, showing that he is the hero, he’ll make the decisions when and how to tell Creon. So his manner and posture would be quite laid back at this point, he would be one hundred percent relaxed, he has no worry or anxiety like before when telling Creon his story, this time he is the one in control, so his posture again would be slouchy, his weight would be all on one side, but this time on his left to show that he’s been standing there a long time, so in a way he is getting a little bored, even though he wants to show off and tell Creon how it all happened. So he switches sides right to the left, so his left hip lifted all the weight on his left side, his right knee is bent and his right foot turned out, his right hand then is lifted from his hip at which point his left hand is placed on his left hip, his right hand slowly makes its way up to the back of his head slightly to the right and scratches it. Then he lower his arm so his elbow is bent and underneath his armpit with his right hand lifted up to his chest, with his right hand relaxed, and begins to make wringing type hand gestures whilst telling his story. This helps emphasise that Sentry’s attitude towards Creon has completely changed, he is no longer frightened of Creon as he has done a ‘good job’ in Creon’s eyes, he is no longer in the hands of Creon and is free to leave without being punished so compared to the timid, shaky Sentry in the first scene, he is now bold, confident and fearless of his King Creon.

Diseconomies of Scale, and the Law of Diminishing Return

Diseconomies of Scale, and the Law of Diminishing Return Compared to other markets, why do economists consider perfect competition to be the most efficient market structure? Perfect competition is the most efficient market structure because, in the long run, each firm in the market will be producing at its minimum average cost, or per-unit. This means that consumers get desired goods and services at the lowest possible prices, and also that the firms are economizing on societys scarce resources to the greatest extent possible. What is the difference between the concepts of diseconomies of scale, and the law of diminishing return? (4 marks) Law of diminishing return occurs in the short-run when one factor is fixed. If the variable factor of production is increased, there comes a point where it will become less productive and therefore there will eventually be a decreasing marginal and then average product. When long-run average total cost rises as output increases, there are said to be diseconomies of scale. a. Sally owns a ceiling fan company. Last year, she sold 1000 ceiling fans at $50 each, and each fan cost her $20. Before going into the ceiling fan business, she worked as a fan-dancer at $25,000 a year. She used her own money to buy the fans by withdrawing the money from her savings account where it was earning five percent annual interest. Calculate Sallys economic profit and her accounting profit. Should Sally continue with her ceiling fan business? Explain. (6 marks) If her economic profit is at least zero, Sally should stay in business. Her TR = $50,000 and her total accounting cost is $20,000, for an accounting profit of $30,000. She forgoes interest on savings of $20,000 (.05) = $1,000 as well as forgone earnings of $25,000. This leaves $4,000 in economic profit, so she should stay in business. Bob Edwards owns a bagel shop. Bob hires an economist who assesses the shape of the bagel shops average total cost (ATC) curve as a function of the number of bagels produced. The results indicate a U-shaped average total cost curve. Bobs economist explains that ATC is U-shaped for two reasons. The first reason is the existence of diminishing marginal product, which causes it to rise. What is the second reason? Explain your answer. Assume that the marginal cost curve is linear. (4 marks) Average fixed cost always declines as output rises because fixed cost is being spread over a larger number of units, thus causing the average total cost curve to fall. a. Provide two circumstances in which monopoly may offer efficiency advantages over competition. (4 marks) A monopolist might be better positioned to exploit economies of scale leasing to an equilibrium which gives a higher output and a lower price than under competitive conditions. As firms are able to earn abnormal profits in the long run there may be a faster rate of technological development that will reduce costs and produce better quality products for consumers. This is because the monopolist will invest profits into research and development to promote dynamic efficiency. Explain the practice of tying and discuss why it is controversial. (5 marks) Tying is the practice of bundling goods for sale. It is controversial because it is perceived as a tool for expanding the market power of firms by forcing consumers to purchase additional products. However, economists are skeptical that a buyers willingness to pay increases just because to products are bundled together. In other words, simply bundling two products together doesnt necessarily add any value. It is more accurately believed to be a form of price discrimination. Describe the source of tension between cooperation and self-interest in a market characterized by oligopoly. Use an example of an actual cartel arrangement to demonstrate why this tension creates instability in cartels. (5 marks) The source of the tension exists because total profits are maximized when oligopolists cooperate on price and quantity by operating as a monopolist. However, individual profits can be gained by individuals cheating on their cooperative agreement. This is why cooperative agreements among members of a cartel are inherently unstable. a. If the average total cost curve is falling, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve? If the average total cost curve is rising, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve? (5 marks) When average total cost curve is falling it is necessarily above the marginal cost curve. If the average total cost curve is rising, it is necessarily below the marginal cost curve. Describe the difference between average revenue and marginal revenue. Why are both of these revenue measures important to a profit-maximizing firm? (5 marks) Average revenue is total revenue divided by the amount of output. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from the sale of each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue is used to determine the profit-maximizing level of production and average revenue is used to help determine the level of profits. Describe the process by which the market for capital and the market for land reach equilibrium. As part of your description, elaborate on the role of the stock of the resource versus the flow of services from the resource. (6 marks) Equilibrium in the markets for land and capital are governed by the value of marginal product for these factors relative to their supply. One difference between these markets and the market for labor is the distinction between rental value (flow) and purchase price (stock). This difference is reconciled by noting that in efficient markets, the purchase price should reflect the value of the stream of services provided by the land or capital (or the sum of rental values appropriately discounted). a. List and explain two conditions necessary for firms to be able to successfully practice price discrimination. (2 marks) Differences in price elasticity of demand between markets: There must be a different price elasticity of demand from each group of consumers. The firm is then able to charge a higher price to the group with a more price inelastic demand and a relatively lower price to the group with a more elastic demand. By adopting such a strategy, the firm can increase its total revenue and profits. To profit maximize, the firm will seek to set marginal revenue = to marginal cost in each separate (segmented) market. Barriers to prevent consumers switching from one supplier to another: The firm must be able to prevent market seepage or consumer switching defined as a process whereby consumers who have purchased a good or service at a lower price are able to re-sell it to those consumers who would have normally paid the expensive price. This can be done in a number of ways, and is probably easier to achieve with the provision of a unique service such as a haircut rather than with the exchange of tangible goods. Seepage might be prevented by selling a product to consumers at unique and different points in time for example with the use of time specific airline tickets that cannot be resold under any circumstances. Explain how each of the following industries practices price discrimination: (6 marks) restaurant Restaurants sometimes have childrens menus. It can be profitable if adults who come to restaurants with children are, on the average, more sensitive to prices on menus than adults who come to restaurants without children. Children often do not value restaurant food and service, and often waste a large part of their food. Parents know this and do not want to pay a lot for their childs meal. If restaurants treat children like adults, the restaurants may lose customers as families switch to fast-food restaurants. If this explanation is correct, then restaurants price discriminate. airline Airlines charge different prices for seats on the same plane, depending on when the ticket was purchased, how long the traveler will be staying at the destination, etc. Of course, the cost of operating the plane is independent of these variables. Hairdresser A hairdresser may charge a lower price to children than to adults. The reason they do this is that they believe children to have a differing elasticity of demand to adults. In other words, the price needed to maximize revenue from children is not the same as the price needed to maximize revenue from adults. By charging different prices they will maximize revenue from both groups Calculate the total revenue without price discrimination as well as with price discrimination, and complete the table with your calculations. (4 marks) Price Qd TR TR (with perfect price discrimination) 30 0 22 10 220 220 14 16 224 304 10 24 240 464 7 38 266 562 Briefly describe the characteristics of each of the following market types. Give an example of each market type. (8 marks) pure competition The goods being offered for sale must all be the same. The buyers and sellers must be so numerous that no single buyer or seller influences the market price. Buyers and sellers are price takers. An example would be the wheat market. Monopoly A monopoly is a market in which there is only one seller and the seller sets the price of the product, given the demand curve for that product. An example would be a local cable television company. Oligopoly An oligopoly is a market in which there are only a few sellers, and the sellers do not always compete aggressively. An example would be airline routes. monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition is a market containing many sellers offering slightly different products. Because the products are not the same, sellers have some ability to set price. An example would be the software industry. Use the graph below to explain why a profit-maximizing monopolistically competitive firm must operate at excess capacity. Why is a perfectly competitive firm not subject to the same constraint? (6 marks) Competitive firms do not face downward-sloping demand. The graph shows the firm choosing a level of production in which the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost occurs at an output level where average total cost is decreasing. This profit-maximizing output level is less than the efficient scale (minimum of average total cost) and therefore the firm is said to be operating at excess capacity. If the monopolist depicted in the graph below sets a price of $10 and sells 100 units, the corresponding marginal revenue is $5 and marginal cost $3. What recommendation regarding price and quantity would you give this monopolist? Explain your answer. (6 marks) Since MR exceeds MC, recommend an increase in output. Greater sales will require a price reduction. So reduce P below $10 and increase Q above 100. The marketing division of a firm has measured demand for its product and reports that it is Q = 24 P, where Q is units and P is price per unit in dollars. The cost is given in the table below. Complete the table and determine the profit-maximizing level of output for this firm. (6 marks) As indicated in the table below, the optimal output is Q = 5, where MR = MC = 5.80. Output Total Cost Price Revenue Profit 0 10 24 0 -10 1 18 22 22 4 2 20 20 40 20 3 22 18 54 32 4 25 16 64 30 5 29 14 70 41 6 34 12 72 38 7 40 10 70 30 8 48 8 64 16 Define the following terms and explain their importance to the study of economics. (9 marks) barriers to entry Barriers to entry make it difficult or impossible for other firms to enter an industry, thus allowing monopoly to continue to exist. Some examples of barriers include legal restriction on entry, patents, control of scarce resources, large sunk costs, technical superiority, and economies of scale. Patent A patent is a government-granted legal monopoly given to the inventor of a new product or process. During the life of the patent, the firm has a protected monopoly position. Thus, it serves as a barrier to entry. natural monopoly A natural monopoly is an industry in which advantages of large-scale production make it possible for a single firm to produce the entire output of the market at lower average cost than a number of firms each producing a smaller quantity. Most natural monopolies are regulated utilities.