Literature Review - Business Schools Role in Society Essay Example for Free

Literature review article trade Schools Role in bon ton EssayIntroductionSince 2007, the people of this planet pee been living on 150 percent of its natural resource capacity (WWF, 2010). Increase in consumption does not show any signs of slowing down, as a consequence of emerging third universe of discourse countries. The role that patronage schools play in this situation and its importance cannot be understated (Financial Times, 2010). In ramble to save this planet, we need to create a sustainable business environment, where corporations put ethics and social debt instrument in front of profits. We need to switch the counselling of totally businesses from shareholders to stakeholders. Can this turn of eventsually be taught? Or do governments need to legislate such actions?This topic is especially interesting because of the weight of our future that lies indoors this. If we do not change the bureau we teach students about core values of our society, the future of o ur planet may become very undesirable.These sources were acquired mainly from the EUR sEURch engine, as well as reading several articles from global news agencies in order to grasp a certain overview of this topic. *** Literature Investigation* Addressing Concerns Raised by Critics of production line Schools by Teaching Multiple Approaches to vigilance (Dyck, B et al. 2011) 0 This article is a study about two ways of teaching counseling at classroom level. The article mentions concerns from other questioners about the way management is being taught in todays universities. The authors argue that todays students support a materialistic-individualistic point of view during their studies, and that these characteristics are consolidated during their time in the business study.These arguments are supported by an experiment. The authors indicate that there is flaws in the way business schools teach, and therefore actions should be taken. Others reject this and say management is an obj ective science. * This article might help to understand how business schools can change in order to make students more focused on stakeholders and ethics than shareholder profits.The article was published in a journal called Business and Society Review. It holds legion(predicate) references, where three of them are from Harvard Business Review. It was published 2011, therefore its currency cannot be questioned. Arguments are supported by an experiment. However, only one experiment was conducted which included a relatively small sample.The role of business schools in society (Cornuel, E 2005)The main subject of this article is very closely related to arguments stated in the introduction. It underlines the important role that business schools play to raise awareness of embodied social responsibility. It briefly mentions the need of humbleness in todays business schools.Published in The Journal of Management Development in 2005, the importance and relevance of this article has become more of a current interest aft(prenominal) it was published. Although the arguments are logical, this source does not provide sufficient support for its arguments. However, it does discuss interesting points and views within the subject. The author is Eric Cornuel, an Affiliate Professor at HEC, and Director ecumenical CEO of EFMD.The non-profit turn and its challenges for business schools (Cornuel, E Kletz, P 2011) Here, the researchers describe the challenges that business schools are facing today. Aiming towards the increase in demand for managers with an tuition in non-profit organisational management. The increase in large foundations (Bill Melinda Gates Foundation for example) is supposedly one of these demand shifters. The recent financial crisis is also argued to be one of the reasons for the movement towards education for non-profit and sustainability management at top business schools.There are two different models in how to change the curriculum in order to fill thi s need. The twofold Standard Model, which argues that non-profit organizations should be managed differently than ordinary businesses, while the Business-Driven Model argues the opposite. Same author as in the previous source, Eric Cornuel, together with Pierre Kletz, Mandel Leadership Institution, Jerusalem, Israel. This research paper was published in the Journal of Management Development in 2011. This source gives meaningful insights to how and why business schools should make changes in their curriculum.Strategy Society The Link Between Competitive reward and Corporate Social Responsibility (Porter, M Kramer, M R 2006) This article was published in the Harvard Business Review in 2006. It is about how corporations can benefit from corporate social responsibility, instead of haveing it solely as a cost. One of the two authors is Michael Porter of Harvard Business School, one of the worlds most famous economists. This source is highly reliable because of two reasons. 1. Reputa tion of the author. 2. For the fact that it was published in one of the worlds most prestigious journals. It provides useful information for my future arguments, when it comes down to what business schools and businesses can gain from increasing CSR, and thereby improving global sustainability. purposeThese articles all have one common argument. Business schools have to change. The dis hitments lie in how this change should be executed, and what result that is to be expected from it (Financial Times, 2008). They all agree that business schools have a major impact on society, and therefore a great responsibility. Most researchers focus on how corporations must change, consequently in the lead to a change in demand for young managers with special skills in that area. Hence provoking the change of the business schools curriculum. This could be seen as delegating the responsibility of change to those corporations.As shown in the recent financial crisis, greed can make top executives ac t unethically, with no sense of corporate social responsibility. Should corporate social responsibility be legislated in order to achieve global sustainability? What role do business schools play in this? How can business schools act to ensure a positive future for our planet?BibliographyWWF 2010. Human demand outstrips natures supply, viewed 14 April 2012, http//wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/demands_on_our_planet/ Financial Times, 2010. Schools ignore sustainability revolution, viewed 17 April 2012, http//search.proquest.com/docview/756187538Dyck, B et al., 2011, Addressing Concerns Raised by Critics of Business Schools by Teaching Multiple Approaches to Management, Business and Society Review, Volume 116, Issue 1, pp. 1 27, viewed 17 April 2012, retrieved from Wiley Online Library database.Cornuel, E 2005, Role of Business Schools in Society, The Journal of Management Development, Volume 24, Issue 9, p. 819, viewed at 17 April 2012, retrieved from ABI/INFORM Complete database.Cornuel, E Kletz, P 2011, The non-profit turn and its challenges for business schools Journal of Management Development, Volume 30, Issue 5, pp. 483 491, viewed at 17 April 2012, retrieved from ABI/INFORM Complete database.Porter, M Kramer, M R 2006 Strategy Society The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility, Harvard business review, Volume 84, Issue 12, p. 78, viewed at 17 April 2012, retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Financial Times, 2008. The importance of sustainability, viewed 16 April 2012, http//search.proquest.com/docview/229149506 self ReflectionI approached the compose of this essay by and initial review if my previously submitted work, in order to grasp the full context, but also to see where I wanted to go and remind myself of the opinions I had while writing. I mostly free wrote for quite some time, and then later putting it all together with more approvable sentences in an academic s ense.My biggest struggle was to get all the sources together to create some sort of an overview of the topic, since many of the articles were devoted to certain specialised topics. I (hopefully) overcame this by reading a lot of different sources, and making connections to my own topic. I learned that starting an essay by free writing is the best approach for me personally, although a lot of time has to be dedicated to editing in the end, especially in the sense of making it all cross together as a whole piece.*

Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain EssayDefinitionA furnish kitchen range is a network of suppliers, renderr and distri nonwithstandingors which helps in transformation of earthy materials into valuable products and delivering them to the customers at right price, right place and right time. The concept of supply chain applies not only to the physical products but also to services. In the case of services, suppliers become service supporter, manufacturing business becomes service creator and the distributors become service provider. The aim of the supply chain is to create pass judgment by providing the customer with products and services efficiently. The supply chain is not a simple series of connections, rather its a complex chain of pile and organizations connected to each other and interacting to create value. The various components of a supply chain ar explained below1. Suppliers/Service Supporter It refers to person(s), firm(s) or organization(s) that supply raw materials that can be use d to manufacture the last product. For example in case of manufacturing car as final product, someone who provides tyres, engines, car chassis or any other part would be c all in alled a supplier.In case of a service, it refers to someone who provides the support in the creation of the service to the customer. For example in case of creating hotel services for customer the catering, the laundry etc. act as service supporter.In a supply chain there do not exist a single supplier, rather there are multiple suppliers or multi-tier suppliers. The supplier which is closest to the manufacturer is called first tier supplier and the chain goes on to second tier, third tier as we move away from the manufacturer. For example in car manufacturing supply chain the firms providing engines, windows, car chassis, tyres etc. are first tier suppliers whereas the firms providing steel to manufacture car chassis, rubber to manufacture tyres are second tier suppliers.2. Manufacturer/Service Creator It refers to person(s), firm(s) or organization(s) that manufacture the final product by processingand assembling all the raw materials. In case of services it refers to someone who assembles all the service supports and creates the final service.A firm can act both as a supplier and a manufacturer. In above case of car manufacturing the firm which supplies tyre to the manufacturer of car act as supplier for that firm but it acts as a manufacturer for the firm supplying rubber.3. Distributor/Service Provider It refers to person(s), firm(s) or organization(s) that take the finished (final) products to the customer. So in case of car supply chain, the showrooms or dealers that provide the cars to customers are distributors. In case of a service, it refers to someone who provides the final service to the customer. For example in case of telecom services, Airtel, Vodafone etc. are the service providers. There can be many distributors in a supply chain depending upon the customer location. Sometimes the customers get the final product/service directly from the company showrooms and stores (for e.g. BMW and Audi showrooms, McDonalds outlets) while sometimes the product reaches the customer through with(predicate) a network of wholesalers and retailers (the FMCG products, Pepsi and cola drinks etc.)4. Customer/Consumer They are the one who use the final product or service.They end this chain.A Case study of ford How did Supply Chain system helped the company to grow. Since the 1970s, the Big Three automakers (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) have seen their home markets invaded by foreign-based auto manufacturers (Toyota and Honda). In addition, the auto industry was facing overcapacity of an estimated 20 million vehicles. This lead to decreased profit margins for automakers as well as reduced sales.So, with all of these issues in the motorcar industry, it was no wonder that Ford mat up like it needed to make some changes to compete.Ford, like many older companies, was still using a traditional to their supply chain. Ford had tried to adjudge as many aspects of the end vehicleproduction as possible from the production of raw materials in steel mills and rubber plantations, through all of the design, manufacturing, assembly and distribution activities. A truly vertically integrated supply chain. Unfortunately, this approach made it difficult for Ford to complete in the global automobile industry, and for that reason Ford Management felt it was time to change Fords supply chain. Since the late 1980s, Ford has been using a modified rendition of the traditional supply chain approach, by utilizing outsourcing and partnerships to handle certain functions of the supply chain. Ford does this through its Tier 1 suppliers.These suppliers have a long terminal relationship with Ford and then they manage the relationships with the larger base of component suppliers. Later on Ford began using virtually integrated supply chain. With a virtually integrated supply c hain, we alternatively have loose affiliations of companies organized as a supply network, where physical assets are replaced by information. Within a virtually integrated supply chain, manufacturing continues to be controlled by the companys planning department, however this is not through the issuing of purchase orders, but instead by providing logistics management and forecasts for demand and receipts. With this information, the companies manufacturing partners can plan their production to meet the needs of the company and the market. Finished goods are no longer delivered by the company, instead they go directly to a warehousing/distribution partner who sends the products to the customers as orders come in.External Sources used for referencehttp//www.slideshare.net/adithya_msridhar/ford-motor-final-presentation http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain

Newspaper Synopsis Architect System

hots constitution publisher lineation fashion forgeer organizationB. Brief translation on trade union movement background. (.i.e. problem context, rationale, description of problem atomic number 18a, nature of argufy) publisher plays a major role in shaping public opinion during any incident. publisher provides information on politics, economics, art, farming and entertainment and in the real eyeshot of the media e genuinely intelligence informationworthinesspaper physical composition is representing all signifi throw prohibitedt tidings with a Graphical lineation, as it increase the readership of the publisher organization and for doing so every succession publisher organization has to contact the vivid designer and they take a huge amount of m peerlessy for creating the abstract which bounds the paper organization and at last it results in the waste of resources for the newspaper organization. Moreover, newspaper publisher design is well known as a key f igure in readership. Every article in the newspaper must be properly expressed and placed to give reader the joy of logical comprehension. The current era bursting with superior newspaper organizations lining individually early(a) and in addition with the capability readers with broad mind and great eyeshots giving challenge to those organizations through their aridity to gain knowl bite with demanding good intromission of the information.The foundation of the newspaper is very artistic melodic phrase as it send packing burn up the minds of the crowd. The job in the current scenario is very snarly and essential. The scheming procedure of any news paper is very hectic and time consuming job. Right from deciding the case of each page to the produce on that point is a huge labor and man power involved.The soulfulnesss involved in aim procedure convey to be taken c ar as they go a lot load and decisions to stand up about many things forward publish the news. T he problem context preceding(prenominal) regards an integrated light beam which crapper tending the newspaper organization in generatin Graphical Scenes without including the graphical designers by utilizing resources inside the organization which lead fulfill at that place time and money. The joyride examinationament aid in many ways and could turn out to be a revelation for the organizations and similarly for the employees.This is the core selective information Technology task to transform the complicated work in to a simpler job and for pursuing this task I am proposing the newspaper scheming quill paper analysis clothes designer dust. The putz is a complete package to assist newspaper designers in efficiently performing their job.RationaleBeca theatrical role of the existence of the place problems, there is a serious contain for creating much(prenominal) a tool. Basically paper outline decorator strategy testament be having two major modules.Firs t one provide beSynopsis room decorator re principal(prenominal)swhich has library that go out contain al train knowing artistic production/scenarios establish upon the crime which can be bring downed by the designer person such asa terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any subject of serious accidents, and so forthteratera Newspaper Synopsis graphic designer agreement go away be apply to create graphical scenarios for such incidents.Moreover, there will be tools avail equal comparablecolor picker, color foregather, divergent shapes, adding text, adding picture, adding lines and so forththat will protagonist the person to edit and design the crime scenario/cartoons etcThe second module of the administration isNewspaper graphic designer Systemwhich will assemble the news and articles and help the news paper designers to generate the model ready to publish. The softw be organization would generate the prototype of the news paper and any ready reckoner literate can delectation the package to just fill in the news by browsing the messages.The designer can fill in the details as per the book sections available within the software system such as the front page, editorial page, sports page and so on The designer would also piddle the picking to put up precession to the news i.e. what will be the main headlines, which news is non of much importance etceteraAll the sections of the prototype will be editable providing the designer with the option of changing the priority and position of a calveicular headline anytime he/she motives thus making the software very elastic to use. The prototype generated will also deliver the option to take different advertisements. The positioning of the advertisement would be done by the tool itself ground on the size and the news associated with it. thither will also be an option to edit the visibility of the advertisement i.e. which advertisement must be exceedingly visible so as to be placed as a header etc.The most distinct feature of the tool would be the use of functions. There will be ready made templates available within the software for special occasions like Hariraya, Diwali, Christmas, and Chinese New Year etc. The substance absubstance ab drug exploiter will just comport to choose a template from a list, fill in the details and the paper would be generated.The benefits gained from this project areTangible benefitsNewspaper organization will be able to create scenarios for all kind of incidents without any extra efforts.Role of the graphical designer becomes close to zero as anyone from the organization afterward a short training can use the tool and can create the scene very comfortably.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System Saves the resources of the organization in terms of time and money and effective use of the resources present in the organizationIt is a case integrated tool which can do the task of many different tools.The design er can also edit the previously saved scenarios and can save the scenario in conglomerate file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.This tool offers flexibility and extendibility- user build the scenario by selecting those templates that are relevant to their rights.The newspaper organizations would have the opportunity to generate the user grateful designs to represent the news without wasting much resources and efforts.The placement of the news articles can be decided very easily as a simulated whitened newspaper will be present for developing the design.The tool passing game to be demonstrable will be very flexible, it will allow users to take on the changes in the final design users can add some important news by deleting or shift key some non essential news etc.The generated designs can be uploaded on the waiter to circulate among the organizations different de snap offments and also on the meshsite to launch an E-paper which exactly simulates the fender newspaper for the internet readers and at long last increase the number of readers.The proposed system would be a tool to assist the design editors and subordinates to make their job simpler and effective and ultimately increasing the level of output for the organization. extend templates that integrated effective instructional strategies.Intangible benefitsThe newspaper organizations utilize the tool obviously on better edge as compare to their competitors still doing the manual labor.The designs can be made one day advance and organizations can check out the feedback prior to publishing. comment of Problem AreaThe major problems Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is going to address areNewspaper provide information on politics, economics, art, polish and entertainment with a pictorial original but in some cases it is not possible for them to arrange original photographs for some incidents which occurs at very hostile places or the incident such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc.Generally newspaper organization hires graphic designers for creating the graphical scenario which is the scarcely choice for the newspaper persons for making the graphical scenario.The graphic designers take huge amount for creating the graphical scenario and also cancel out much time for creating a oneness scenario as they use different multimedia tools.For creating a single scene different tools are call for such as for making the artwork CorelDraw is used then for giving make in that graphics and producing backgrounds Photoshop is used.Previously created scenario cannot be reused as it cannot be edited.The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be the tool for making the newspapers thus it takes to be full with all possible article designs (article templates).The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will need to be complete in itself thus it need a very entire understanding of the procedure of the news paper pub lication and also a good technical knowledge.To maintain the flexibility of the system it needs a proper guidance as news publication job and paper pattern job is not much known to a non media person.The need is to create a suitable structure comprising of the capture components for making a good system. The textile is crucial as it could be used for different publications and brands as per the respective environments.The establishment of the framework will require in-depth understanding of some of the theories or concepts manifested in some technologies. For example theories of providing template require technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) and its associated algorithms are essential to ensure extremely reliable software.The current process of creating the scenarios is not so flexible.Tar draw off Audiences exploiter is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, for this current system, the rate users have been categorized into two typesThe software is mainly focusing on the organization engaged in printing and publishing the news paper. It can also be used by organizations publishing monthly or yearly newsletters. Moreover it is introduced for the newspaper media persons for creating graphical abstract for different types of incidents and also for creating cartoons call for in there newspaper or magazines. On the other hand, the tool could also be used by general computer user for creating the scenario of any type of incident.Nature of challengeNewspaper Synopsis Architect System has challenges in all sorts of categories. The primary challenge is to propose an integrated system for creating Graphical scenarios for unlike incidents. Since the tool is the very first of its type, so making it very user friendly, synergistic and loving is also one of the challenges.The next developmental challenge is creating a major generalized library that will contain many types of graphics that will be suitable for creating gra phical scenarios for any kind of incident. Giving various editable options to the graphics and representing the graphics in such a way that it will give the realistic view of the incident is another challenge.The challenge is to prove several(prenominal) templates for different type of typical scenario and for generating prototype, allowing the user to easily incorporate a mixture of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc.The next challenge in construct this system is to regenerate the conventional designing procedure which will employ better technologies to improve on the features of existing system of news paper designing.Providing a better system for complete prototyping before publishing, thorough re look for is needed. The challenge is to make an efficient algorithm for better utilization of the musculus quadriceps femoris available.Since the domain of the project is very new to me as all the procedures inside the newspaper organization is conside red confidential and I need to fall upon about it before starting or even sentiment about the technical aspects.C. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal and deliverables)Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is a newspaper designing and content management tool and it is ought to wrap the trouble areas that I have opened in the preceding section. The system is being shaped to offer the newspaper producers with the enthusiastic layout and integrated information so as to permit them to obtain proper output. Moreover the system can help in increasing the qualities of the product for the graphical designer, newspaper manufacturers and ultimately get the organization benefited.At the end of the project the deliverables areSoft cover corroboration of the systemHard cover funding of the systemA prototype of the system application on CDThe Core Main Functionality of the systemThe main objective is to make full use of the resources and tools available, in orde r to come up with All-in-one scenario creator tool that fittings the user or clients requirements and which is user friendly, interactive and attractive and gives graphical representations of information or Knowledge.To develop graphing software which represents the information in the form of lines, boxes, arrows, and various symbols and representing a concept, objects, activity, place or event by illustration. peckerwood that allows the user to create graphical synopsis which are used anywhere where complex information needs to be explained quickly and clearly, such as signs, maps, journalism and education and also used to express graphical scenario of the weather, as well as maps and site plans for newsworthy events, and graphs for statistical information.Individual templates need to be designed for different type of typical scenario and the template that allow the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. the user would select the templates that apply to their discipline or particular case, and use them as building blocks to create an entire scenario.Instructional guidelines on how to develop the scenarios using the input tool and templates.The core brain is to build completely utilization of the assets and tools accessible, in order to approach a complete newspaper designing tool that assembles the user or clients necessities and also supplies a user friendly, interactive and attractive representation of information or Knowledge.To develop designing software that characterizes the information in the form which readers actually require.To make a software gadget that permits the newspaper designers to generate newspaper prototype ready to publish and also increasing the select of journalism and education.Individual templates need to be designed for different type of news articles and the template that allow the client to effortlessly incorporate a variety of elements such as providing color ing, interactive data representation feature, etc. the designers just need to pick the templates that pertain to their discipline or choice, and use them as building blocks to create an entire prototype for the newspaper.To guide the designers on how to develop the newspaper prototype using the input tool, templates with applying the experts knowledge.Core functionalities include in the Newspaper Synopsis Architect SystemSynopsis Architect SystemTemplates This part of the system includes various types of Individual templates with different categories for creating different type of typical scenario and also include model scenario of each category.Template Categories- discourtesy ScenariosTerrorist attackMurdersBank robberyBomb blastHijackAccidentsEntertainmentComicsGeneral Scenarios3. intrinsical library- This part of the system includes a library that contains allurement of stencils and different stencils include various graphics related to the incidents that generally occur in our day to day life.4. reckon Shapes Search option provides powerful search capabilities to locate the right shape, located in the library.5. Graphic Editing User can edit the graphics as per his or her requirements with the editing options such as rotation handles for rotating the graphics, Selection handles for resizing graphics(can be resize to any extent), etc.6. Add text to graphics Although some drawings make a point all by themselves, its often helpful and sometimes necessary to add text to the shapes. Text can be added and related to the shapes easily.Newspaper Architect System7. Article Templates This part of the system comprises a range of category in arranging articles of the news with particular template providing sample of each type.Example Article Template Categories- single(a) column newswith space for graphicsspace for pictureMultiple column newswith space for graphicsspace for picturespace at leftspace at centre etcNews with special watermarks8. Toolbox It wi ll Includes various design coevals tools like tables, color picker, different geometric shapes, etc. that makes effortless to design the newspaper that fulfills the user presentation and documents.9. Image Generation the prototype of the newspaper that will be designed by the designers will be saved as image format.FAQ and Help A long list of Frequently Asked Questions regarding the tool will be available for the twain major module. A help file system is also included in case the user has problems using the system. intensify functions- Additional FeaturesSynopsis Architect SystemMaking own library User has the option to create their own library and can save the graphics created by them in the library and can also import images from outside into their library and can use the images term creating the scenario.File formats Allows saving the scenario in different file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.Grid size and ruler measurements Scale measurement is provided for scenari o the scenario creation.Privacy The system will provide a hiding option where the user can good the scenario created by him/her, so that no other person can edit the scenario without the permission of the scenario creator owner.Sample Scenarios Provides sample scenarios that are integrated with data to get ideas for creating your own scenarios, to realize how data provides more context for many diagram types, and to determine which template the user want to use.Sample video clips User will be provided with sample video clips of how to design a scenario so that it becomes simpler for first time user for creating a scenario.Newspaper Architect SystemThe Tool would be a completely generalized one where all the functionalities will be agree to the needs and environment of the organizations.Inbuilt library of Prototypes This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of different generalized prototypes for the newspaper includes a variety of sample news article s placed at appropriate place.Special Features-Advanced FeaturesSynopsis Architect SystemToolbox Module Includes various drawing tools like pencil, color picker, color fill, different shapes, etc. that makes easy to design new graphics that controvert the user presentation and documents.Email Provides the facility of emailing the scenario directly.Customizability The system will enable a certain level of customizability, for example, while writing the text in the scenario, user can choose English (Malay alphabets included), Chinese, Tamil and Hindi as per requirement.Newspaper Architect SystemThe Newspaper Architect System would offer for the backup of the server data so that the collated data can be used in future and also this would help in building tenable software.The companies can shuffle their own prototype of the newspaper from the available options and can save it for regular use.The designers would be able to upload the uncouth pages of the generated prototype of the newspaper on the web server so as it can be distributed to the different branches of the news publications easily.It will be very flexible system as it provides the option to edit the generated prototypes and customize as per the need.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a generalized software tool and to permit maximum customization of the features according to the needs of the newspaper organizations need is the main objective of the system.Limitations of the scopeFor this Synopsis Architect System tool, parameters are set to limit the scope of the project solely for the solutions and functions mentioned above, in other words, functions which are not listed above will not be implemented or included in the system, it is to be reminded that these possible features or functions will also not be included in the system as wellSystem is not platform independent, as I am choosing .Net as the programming language for my system so it can be run only on the system with wind ows as the operating system.Newspaper Architect System is a newspaper designing tool and the libraries of templates I will create not necessarily considered to be complete as the articles of the newspaper are very much dynamic in nature.Newspaper Architect System is just a designing tending tool and it wont be able to create the prototypes dynamically it needs someone to use it and integrate his human knowledge with its theory based principles of designing.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a software system of its own and when the tool would be used by the organizations there would be no means to assimilate the system with any other system being utilized by the organization. Though, the newspapers organizations can have their own software or system to use the composed designs for other applications. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System wont supply for this requirement.Other learning objectivesSynopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so by doing t his project I will have to research for various other graphic designing related domains and doing this would be a benefit for me in the future. bank now I was just using the various designing tools but now my task is to develop a tool that should be user friendly, interactive and attractive and that will be a great opportunity and a good learning experience for me.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System encompasses a distinctive sphere i.e. News Presentation and Publication by doing this project I will have to seek for this sphere and this would supply me a shot to discover and investigate the Publication Medias news representation policies and this would be an advantage for me in the future.Developing library based systems is not new to me but equipage in mind the generalization need of the system, I will have an occasion to discover the issues permitting me to explore the potential of this area.The tool being projected is to have a bunch of features of a variety of classes such as templates and various color schemes, default prototypes and so on. To incorporate these features together into a system is going to be a good learning experience.I believe that this project could be built with the .net framework and to learn and tap the vast prospective of this expertness would compose me more rationalized and resourceful professional.D. Brief description of the resources needed by the proposal.(i.e. hardware, software, access to information / expertise, user mesh etc.)Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is being anticipated as a Library based system and in addition its domain is a lot distinctive and dissimilar for a computer science student and thus I would require a lot of study and understand the domain.For the development of this tool I will need to meet people from a variety of backgrounds and fields. The planned system is paying attention on the implementation of IT to reduce the job complexity of the printing media and thus I require to have a comprehensi ble perceptive of both the fields.In order to understand the graphical designing, printing policies and principles of the media, I am planning to question the news editors and designers. These interviews would be paying attention at discovering how IT can be used to assist the experienced design editors talent and moreover how can I reduce the complexity with enumerating the job efficiency with accuracy and precision.To recognize the potential and the expectations of the educational institute from the proposed system, I am planning to interview some of the students and lecturers involved in publication of the college news letter. I would like to discover suitable information via the data gathering techniques such as questionnaire and Interview.Hardware RequirementsMicrosoft Windows XP Service block (SP) 2 or later or Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (or high) required500 megahertz (MHz) processor or high512 megabyte (MB) RAM or higherCD-ROM 52X CD-Rewritable driveDVD-ROM 8X DVD driv eMinimum 800600 1024768 monitor resolution or higher recommendedKeyboard and Mouse computer software RequirementsIn order to carry out the development of this project, many software are needed, these include Microsoft Windows XP, which shall be the operating system for the project to be developed authoring tools such as Adobe Photoshop, opthalmic studio.net 2005 and Macromedia inexpensive will also be needed in order to come up with the interactive user interface and objects. List of software required for the projectNet frameworkvisual studio.net 2005crystal reports(built in with visual studio.net 2005)CSS(Cascading Style Sheet)OS-Microsoft Windows XP professional.Microsoft Expression studio.Adobe Photoshop 7.0Macromedia Flash 8.0Corel Draw 11Access to cultivation and ExpertiseNewspaper Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so for developing it I need to do a lot of research. In order to gather the sufficient and necessary information prior to the project, so me resources will be needed, these resources may be people from different backgrounds, or point of reference books. In terms of gathering information from people and expertise of that particular area, face to face interviews and questionnaires are both sufficient methods. Because of that, certain people to be interviewed areLecturers Lecturers obtain deeper understanding towards specific technical areas in terms of computing or design, interviewing specific lecturers who secernate in specific areas can be beneficial to the project.Media persons Since the project is mainly developed for the newspaper persons, so a face to face interview with the newspaper persons who are concern with the graphic designing and printing publication in the organization would also provide me a better insight of the of the requirements for this tool and also gather more detailed information.User InvolvementUser involvement is the key concept in the development of useful and usable systems and has posi tive effects on system success and user satisfaction. To reduce the software project failure user involvement is must. The users involved are also the one that test the system, and gives evaluations. Following are the users involved executive programMedia personsGraphic designersPrinting Publication personsLecturersFriends or Course matesThe other information or the data sets requiredThe industry principles are to be place in advance to build up the application according to the standards for the designing of the newspaper. But I am not up to snuff to do so the application would fail in various environments which are definitely disagreeable.The different cyber regulations and commitments are to be recognized as the system has to deal with the newspaper presentation for the crowd so a dignity should be maintained.For the organizations whose staff I would interrogate, I would oblige their current designing techniques and formula and I may and may not use them for my project.E. Academ ic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt.(i.e. what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use)In concerning about Newspaper Synopsis Architect System, research is much important for the system and thorough the research is, more are the prospect of development of a practical and satisfactory application.The project has diversity of supplies and I would need support on various topics and from all kinds of the resources. I have to hug and discover the newspaper designing policies for enhanced understanding of the project. I necessitate gaining knowledge of the project management and software engineering techniques for supervision and construction the project in a accurate and corrective manner. I too have to discover the concepts and principles of the engineering.After having established what I need to know by delimit the scope of what I need to find out and my research plan by determining how I can get the inf ormation, I must dole out my research now.Academic ResearchThe project requires a good understanding of the graphics designing and generating prototyping as the system contains an inbuilt library which will be thNewspaper Synopsis Architect SystemNewspaper Synopsis Architect SystemB. Brief description on project background. (.i.e. problem context, rationale, description of problem area, nature of challenge)Newspaper plays a major role in shaping public opinion during any incident. Newspaper provides information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment and in the current panorama of the media every newspaper organization is representing all significant news with a Graphical Synopsis, as it increase the readership of the newspaper organization and for doing so every time newspaper organization has to contact the graphical designer and they take a huge amount of money for creating the synopsis which bounds the newspaper organization and ultimately it results in the waste of resources for the newspaper organization. Moreover, Newspaper design is well known as a key factor in readership. Every article in the newspaper must be properly expressed and placed to give reader the joy of logical comprehension. The current era bursting with superior newspaper organizations facing each other and also with the potential readers with broad mind and great thoughts giving challenge to those organizations through their hunger to gain knowledge with demanding good presentation of the information.The presentation of the newspaper is very artistic job as it can burn up the minds of the crowd. The job in the current scenario is very complicated and essential. The designing procedure of any news paper is very hectic and time consuming job. Right from deciding the content of each page to the printing there is a huge labor and man power involved.The persons involved in designing procedure need to be taken care as they have a lot load and decisions to make about many thin gs before publishing the news. The problem context above requires an integrated tool which can help the newspaper organization in generatin Graphical Scenes without including the graphical designers by utilizing resources inside the organization which will save there time and money. The tool will help in many ways and could turn out to be a revelation for the organizations and also for the employees.This is the core Information Technology task to transform the complicated work in to a simpler job and for pursuing this task I am proposing the newspaper designing tool Newspaper Synopsis Architect System. The tool is a complete package to assist newspaper designers in efficiently performing their job.RationaleBecause of the existence of the identified problems, there is a serious need for creating such a tool. BasicallyNewspaper Synopsis Architect System will be having two major modules.First one will beSynopsis Architect Systemwhich has library that will contain already designed gr aphics/scenarios based upon the crime which can be edited by the designer person such asa terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc. Newspaper Synopsis Architect Systemwill be used to create graphical scenarios for such incidents.Moreover, there will be tools available likecolor picker, color fill, different shapes, adding text, adding picture, adding lines etc.that will help the person to edit and design the crime scenario/cartoons etcThe second module of the system isNewspaper Architect Systemwhich will assemble the news and articles and help the news paper designers to generate the prototype ready to publish. The software would generate the prototype of the news paper and any computer literate can use the software to just fill in the news by browsing the contents.The designer can fill in the details as per the appropriate sections available within the software such as the front page, editorial page, sports page etc. The designer w ould also have the option to set priority to the news i.e. what will be the main headlines, which news is not of much importance etc.All the sections of the prototype will be editable providing the designer with the option of changing the priority and position of a particular headline anytime he/she wants thus making the software very flexible to use. The prototype generated will also have the option to include various advertisements. The positioning of the advertisement would be done by the tool itself based on the size and the news associated with it. There will also be an option to edit the visibility of the advertisement i.e. which advertisement must be highly visible so as to be placed as a header etc.The most distinct feature of the tool would be the use of templates. There will be ready made templates available within the software for special occasions like Hariraya, Diwali, Christmas, and Chinese New Year etc. The user will just have to choose a template from a list, fill in the details and the paper would be generated.The benefits gained from this project areTangible benefitsNewspaper organization will be able to create scenarios for all kind of incidents without any extra efforts.Role of the graphical designer becomes almost zero as anyone from the organization after a short training can use the tool and can create the scene very easily.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System Saves the resources of the organization in terms of time and money and effective use of the resources present in the organizationIt is a packaged integrated tool which can do the task of many different tools.The designer can also edit the previously saved scenarios and can save the scenario in various file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.This tool offers flexibility and extendibility- user build the scenario by selecting those templates that are relevant to their disciplines.The newspaper organizations would have the opportunity to generate the user acceptable designs to repres ent the news without wasting much resources and efforts.The placement of the news articles can be decided very easily as a simulated blank newspaper will be present for developing the design.The tool going to be developed will be very flexible, it will allow users to make the changes in the final design users can add some important news by deleting or shifting some non essential news etc.The generated designs can be uploaded on the server to circulate among the organizations different departments and also on the website to launch an E-paper which exactly simulates the original newspaper for the internet readers and ultimately increasing the number of readers.The proposed system would be a tool to assist the design editors and subordinates to make their job simpler and effective and ultimately increasing the level of output for the organization.Provide templates that incorporate effective instructional strategies.Intangible benefitsThe newspaper organizations using the tool obviously on better edge as compare to their competitors still doing the manual labor.The designs can be made one day advance and organizations can check out the feedback prior to publishing.Description of Problem AreaThe major problems Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is going to address areNewspaper provide information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment with a pictorial representation but in some cases it is not possible for them to arrange original photographs for some incidents which occurs at very remote places or the incident such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc.Generally newspaper organization hires graphic designers for creating the graphical scenario which is the only choice for the newspaper persons for making the graphical scenario.The graphic designers take huge amount for creating the graphical scenario and also consume much time for creating a single scenario as they use different multimedi a tools.For creating a single scene different tools are required such as for making the graphics CorelDraw is used then for giving effects in that graphics and producing backgrounds Photoshop is used.Previously created scenario cannot be reused as it cannot be edited.The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be the tool for making the newspapers thus it needs to be full with all possible article designs (article templates).The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will need to be complete in itself thus it need a very thorough understanding of the procedure of the news paper publication and also a good technical knowledge.To maintain the flexibility of the system it needs a proper guidance as news publication job and paper designing job is not much known to a non media person.The need is to create a suitable structure comprising of the appropriate components for making a good system. The framework is crucial as it could be used for different publications and brands as per the res pective environments.The establishment of the framework will require in-depth understanding of some of the theories or concepts manifested in some technologies. For example theories of providing template require technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) and its associated algorithms are essential to ensure highly reliable software.The current process of creating the scenarios is not so flexible.Target AudiencesUser is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, for this current system, the target users have been categorized into two typesThe software is mainly focusing on the organization engaged in printing and publishing the news paper. It can also be used by organizations publishing monthly or yearly newsletters. Moreover it is introduced for the newspaper media persons for creating graphical synopsis for different types of incidents and also for creating cartoons required in there newspaper or magazines. On the other hand, the tool could also be us ed by general computer user for creating the scenario of any type of incident.Nature of challengeNewspaper Synopsis Architect System has challenges in all sorts of categories. The primary challenge is to propose an integrated system for creating Graphical scenarios for various incidents. Since the tool is the very first of its type, so making it very user friendly, interactive and attractive is also one of the challenges.The next developmental challenge is creating a major generalized library that will contain many types of graphics that will be suitable for creating graphical scenarios for any kind of incident. Giving various editable options to the graphics and representing the graphics in such a way that it will give the realistic view of the incident is another challenge.The challenge is to prove Individual templates for different type of typical scenario and for generating prototype, allowing the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, int eractive questions, etc.The next challenge in building this system is to replace the conventional designing procedure which will employ better technologies to improve on the features of existing system of news paper designing.Providing a better system for complete prototyping before publishing, thorough research is needed. The challenge is to make an efficient algorithm for better utilization of the space available.Since the domain of the project is very new to me as all the procedures inside the newspaper organization is considered confidential and I need to learn about it before starting or even thinking about the technical aspects.C. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal and deliverables)Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is a newspaper designing and content management tool and it is ought to wrap the trouble areas that I have opened in the preceding section. The system is being shaped to offer the newspaper producers with the glowing layout and integ rated information so as to permit them to obtain proper output. Moreover the system can help in increasing the qualities of the product for the graphical designer, newspaper manufacturers and ultimately get the organization benefited.At the end of the project the deliverables areSoft cover documentation of the systemHard cover documentation of the systemA prototype of the system application on CDThe Core Main Functionality of the systemThe main objective is to make full use of the resources and tools available, in order to come up with All-in-one scenario creator tool that meets the user or clients requirements and which is user friendly, interactive and attractive and gives graphical representations of information or Knowledge.To develop graphing software which represents the information in the form of lines, boxes, arrows, and various symbols and representing a concept, objects, activity, place or event by illustration.Tool that allows the user to create graphical synopsis which are used anywhere where complex information needs to be explained quickly and clearly, such as signs, maps, journalism and education and also used to show graphical scenario of the weather, as well as maps and site plans for newsworthy events, and graphs for statistical data.Individual templates need to be designed for different type of typical scenario and the template that allow the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. the user would select the templates that apply to their discipline or particular case, and use them as building blocks to create an entire scenario.Instructional guidelines on how to develop the scenarios using the input tool and templates.The core idea is to build completely utilization of the assets and tools accessible, in order to approach a complete newspaper designing tool that assembles the user or clients necessities and also supplies a user friendly, interactive and attractive representati on of information or Knowledge.To develop designing software that characterizes the information in the form which readers actually require.To make a software gadget that permits the newspaper designers to generate newspaper prototype ready to publish and also increasing the quality of journalism and education.Individual templates need to be designed for different type of news articles and the template that allow the client to effortlessly incorporate a variety of elements such as providing coloring, interactive data representation feature, etc. the designers just need to pick the templates that pertain to their discipline or choice, and use them as building blocks to create an entire prototype for the newspaper.To guide the designers on how to develop the newspaper prototype using the input tool, templates with applying the experts knowledge.Core functionalities included in the Newspaper Synopsis Architect SystemSynopsis Architect SystemTemplates This part of the system includes v arious types of Individual templates with different categories for creating different type of typical scenario and also include sample scenario of each category.Template Categories-Crime ScenariosTerrorist attackMurdersBank robberyBomb blastHijackAccidentsEntertainmentComicsGeneral Scenarios3. Inbuilt library- This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of stencils and different stencils include various graphics related to the incidents that generally occur in our day to day life.4. Search Shapes Search option provides powerful search capabilities to locate the right shape, located in the library.5. Graphic Editing User can edit the graphics as per his or her requirements with the editing options such as rotation handles for rotating the graphics, Selection handles for resizing graphics(can be resize to any extent), etc.6. Add text to graphics Although some drawings make a point all by themselves, its often helpful and sometimes necessary to add text to th e shapes. Text can be added and related to the shapes easily.Newspaper Architect System7. Article Templates This part of the system comprises a range of category in arranging articles of the news with particular template providing sample of each type.Example Article Template Categories-Single column newswith space for graphicsspace for pictureMultiple column newswith space for graphicsspace for picturespace at leftspace at centre etcNews with special watermarks8. Toolbox It will Includes various design generation tools like tables, color picker, different geometrical shapes, etc. that makes easy to design the newspaper that fulfills the user presentation and documents.9. Image Generation the prototype of the newspaper that will be designed by the designers will be saved as image format.FAQ and Help A long list of Frequently Asked Questions regarding the tool will be available for the both major module. A help file system is also included in case the user has problems using the s ystem.Enhanced functions- Additional FeaturesSynopsis Architect SystemMaking own library User has the option to create their own library and can save the graphics created by them in the library and can also import images from outside into their library and can use the images while creating the scenario.File formats Allows saving the scenario in different file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.Grid size and ruler measurements Scale measurement is provided for scenario the scenario creation.Privacy The system will provide a privacy option where the user can secure the scenario created by him/her, so that no other person can edit the scenario without the permission of the scenario creator owner.Sample Scenarios Provides sample scenarios that are integrated with data to get ideas for creating your own scenarios, to realize how data provides more context for many diagram types, and to determine which template the user want to use.Sample video clips User will be provided with samp le video clips of how to design a scenario so that it becomes simpler for first time user for creating a scenario.Newspaper Architect SystemThe Tool would be a completely generalized one where all the functionalities will be according to the needs and environment of the organizations.Inbuilt library of Prototypes This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of different generalized prototypes for the newspaper includes a variety of sample news articles placed at appropriate place.Special Features-Advanced FeaturesSynopsis Architect SystemToolbox Module Includes various drawing tools like pencil, color picker, color fill, different shapes, etc. that makes easy to design new graphics that match the user presentation and documents.Email Provides the facility of emailing the scenario directly.Customizability The system will enable a certain level of customizability, for example, while writing the text in the scenario, user can choose English (Malay alphabets i ncluded), Chinese, Tamil and Hindi as per requirement.Newspaper Architect SystemThe Newspaper Architect System would offer for the backup of the server data so that the collated data can be used in future and also this would help in building tenable software.The companies can amalgamate their own prototype of the newspaper from the available options and can save it for regular use.The designers would be able to upload the common pages of the generated prototype of the newspaper on the web server so as it can be distributed to the different branches of the news publications easily.It will be very flexible system as it provides the option to edit the generated prototypes and customize as per the need.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a generalized software tool and to permit maximum customization of the features according to the needs of the newspaper organizations need is the main objective of the system.Limitations of the scopeFor this Synopsis Architect System t ool, parameters are set to limit the scope of the project only for the solutions and functions mentioned above, in other words, functions which are not listed above will not be implemented or included in the system, it is to be reminded that these possible features or functions will also not be included in the system as wellSystem is not platform independent, as I am choosing .Net as the programming language for my system so it can be run only on the system with windows as the operating system.Newspaper Architect System is a newspaper designing tool and the libraries of templates I will create not necessarily considered to be complete as the articles of the newspaper are very much dynamic in nature.Newspaper Architect System is just a designing assistance tool and it wont be able to create the prototypes dynamically it needs someone to use it and integrate his human knowledge with its theory based principles of designing.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a softwa re system of its own and when the tool would be used by the organizations there would be no means to assimilate the system with any other system being utilized by the organization. Though, the newspapers organizations can have their own software or system to use the composed designs for other applications. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System wont supply for this requirement.Other learning objectivesSynopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so by doing this project I will have to research for various other graphic designing related domains and doing this would be a benefit for me in the future.Till now I was just using the various designing tools but now my task is to develop a tool that should be user friendly, interactive and attractive and that will be a great opportunity and a good learning experience for me.Newspaper Synopsis Architect System encompasses a distinctive sphere i.e. News Presentation and Publication by doing this project I will have to explore for this sphere and this would supply me a prospect to discover and investigate the Publication Medias news representation policies and this would be an advantage for me in the future.Developing library based systems is not new to me but bearing in mind the generalization need of the system, I will have an occasion to discover the issues permitting me to explore the potential of this area.The tool being projected is to have a bunch of features of a variety of classes such as templates and various color schemes, default prototypes and so on. To incorporate these features together into a system is going to be a good learning experience.I believe that this project could be built with the .net framework and to learn and tap the vast prospective of this expertise would compose me more rationalized and resourceful professional.D. Brief description of the resources needed by the proposal.(i.e. hardware, software, access to information / expertise, user involvement etc.)Newspaper Synopsis Arch itect System is being anticipated as a Library based system and in addition its domain is practically distinctive and dissimilar for a computer science student and thus I would require a lot of study and understand the domain.For the development of this tool I will need to meet people from a variety of backgrounds and fields. The planned system is paying attention on the implementation of IT to reduce the job complexity of the printing media and thus I require to have a comprehensible perceptive of both the fields.In order to understand the graphical designing, printing policies and principles of the media, I am planning to interrogate the news editors and designers. These interviews would be paying attention at discovering how IT can be used to assist the experienced design editors talent and moreover how can I reduce the complexity with enumerating the job efficiency with accuracy and precision.To recognize the potential and the expectations of the educational institute from the p roposed system, I am planning to interview some of the students and lecturers involved in publication of the college news letter. I would like to discover suitable information via the data gathering techniques such as questionnaire and Interview.Hardware RequirementsMicrosoft Windows XP Service Pack (SP) 2 or later or Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (or higher) required500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher512 megabyte (MB) RAM or higherCD-ROM 52X CD-Rewritable driveDVD-ROM 8X DVD driveMinimum 800600 1024768 monitor resolution or higher recommendedKeyboard and MouseSoftware RequirementsIn order to carry out the development of this project, many software are needed, these include Microsoft Windows XP, which shall be the operating system for the project to be developed authoring tools such as Adobe Photoshop, visual studio.net 2005 and Macromedia Flash will also be needed in order to come up with the interactive user interface and objects. List of software required for the projectNet f rameworkvisual studio.net 2005crystal reports(built in with visual studio.net 2005)CSS(Cascading Style Sheet)OS-Microsoft Windows XP professional.Microsoft Expression studio.Adobe Photoshop 7.0Macromedia Flash 8.0Corel Draw 11Access to Information and ExpertiseNewspaper Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so for developing it I need to do a lot of research. In order to gather the sufficient and necessary information prior to the project, some resources will be needed, these resources may be people from different backgrounds, or reference books. In terms of gathering information from people and expertise of that particular area, face to face interviews and questionnaires are both sufficient methods. Because of that, certain people to be interviewed areLecturers Lecturers obtain deeper understanding towards specific technical areas in terms of computing or design, interviewing specific lecturers who specialize in specific areas can be beneficial to the project. Media persons Since the project is mainly developed for the newspaper persons, so a face to face interview with the newspaper persons who are concern with the graphic designing and printing publication in the organization would also provide me a better insight of the of the requirements for this tool and also gather more detailed information.User InvolvementUser involvement is the key concept in the development of useful and usable systems and has positive effects on system success and user satisfaction. To reduce the software project failure user involvement is must. The users involved are also the one that test the system, and gives evaluations. Following are the users involvedSupervisorMedia personsGraphic designersPrinting Publication personsLecturersFriends or Course matesThe other information or the data sets requiredThe industry principles are to be identified in advance to build up the application according to the standards for the designing of the newspaper. But I am not u p to snuff to do so the application would fail in various environments which are definitely disagreeable.The different cyber regulations and commitments are to be recognized as the system has to deal with the newspaper presentation for the crowd so a dignity should be maintained.For the organizations whose staff I would interrogate, I would oblige their current designing techniques and formula and I may and may not use them for my project.E. Academic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt.(i.e. what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use)In concerning about Newspaper Synopsis Architect System, research is much important for the system and thorough the research is, more are the probability of development of a practical and satisfactory application.The project has diversity of supplies and I would need support on various topics and from all kinds of the resources. I have to comprehend and discover the newspaper designing policies for enhanced understanding of the project. I necessitate gaining knowledge of the project management and software engineering techniques for supervision and construction the project in a accurate and corrective manner. I too have to discover the concepts and principles of the engineering.After having established what I need to know by defining the scope of what I need to find out and my research plan by determining how I can get the information, I must conduct my research now.Academic ResearchThe project requires a good understanding of the graphics designing and generating prototyping as the system contains an inbuilt library which will be th

History of Tobacco Laws

History of Tobacco LawsCoffins of BlackIn 1775, Percivall Pott, a surgeon at St. Bartholomews Hospital in England, noticed a marked rise in cases of scrotal crabby person in his clinic. His patients were mostly chimney sweeps, who spent a lot of measure in contact with grime and ash. He noted that the minute invisible particle of surface could be found under their scrape for days, and that scrotal cancer bust forth of a superficial skin wound called a soot wart. Based on these observations, Pitt suspected that it was the chimney soot that caused the scrotal cancers. That would mean that the cancer was potentially preventable. unless removing the carcinogen was perhaps difficult to achieve. But with the embarrassing plight of chimney sweeps exposed, social reformers sought to create laws to limit the occupation. The Chimney Sweepers Act was passed in 1788 to prevent master sweeps from using children under eight. In 1834, the age was change magnitude to fourteen. By 1875, the use of young climbing boys was forbidden.In 1761, an amateur scientist in London, John Hill, claimed that he had found one carcinogen tabacco could cause lip, mouth, and throat cancer.In England, tobacco was rapidly escalating into a national addiction. Cigarette roll of tobacco soon spread through Europe and across the Atlantic to the United States. As rear end consumption became a national addiction, it would be difficult to roll in the hay an association with cancer.The Emperors Nylon StockingsIn the United Kingdom, g everywherenment statisticians alerted the Ministry of Health in January 1947 that an unexpected epidemic of lung cancer was emerging in the country Lung cancer morbidity had increased fifteen-fold in the prior two decades. In February, the ministry asked the Medical Research Council to organize a conference of experts to study this inexplicable rise of lung cancer rates and to begin the cause.The experts at the conference pointed to every breathable form of to xin except cigarette smoke. Without any consensus, the council blameed Austin Bradford Hill, an eminent biostatistician, to devise a systematic study to discern the risk factor for lung cancer. Hill recruited Richard hoot, a 36-year-old medical researcher who had no experience in performing a study of this scale.***In the United States, a medical student name Ernst Wynder encountered a case of 42-year-old man who died of cancer of the airways of the lung. The man was a smoker with tar-stained bronchi and soot-blackened lungs. Wynder had never seen such a case before, so he applied to the medical school for money to study the connection amongst smoking and lung cancer. But he was bluntly told that the effort would be futile. He wrote to the U.S. Surgeon General, except was told that he could prove nothing. So Wynder approached his mentor Evarts Graham, the great heart surgeon in St Louis. Graham was a heavy smoker and didnt regard the connection between cancer and smoking. But he agreed to help Wynder with the study in part to disprove the link and lay the issue at rest.The Case-Control StudiesIn St Louis, Wynder and Graham followed a simple method. They recruited a group of lung cancer patients and a control group without cancer and asked them about their smoking habits. They used smokers to nonsmokers ratio within each group to determine the smoking-cancer connection.In the UK, Doll and Hill followed a similar method in their study. They asked social workers in the hospital to call into question the two groups of patients in and around London. To counteract biases, they included other questions such as how often they eat fried fish into the survey. By May 1, 1948, the essence of their study was The one and only statistical association with lung cancer was cigarette smoking. They published their study in September 1956.Meanwhile, Wynder and Graham in St Louis had also arrived at the same conclusion. The published their studies a few months earlier.The Prospective Cohort StudyIt might appear that Doll, Hill, Wynder and Graham proved the link between lung cancer and smoking. But they had proved something else. In a case-control study, the risk is estimated post hoc by asking lung cancer patients whether they had smoked. The interviewer could have unconsciously probed lung cancer patients about their smoking habits more precipitously than control group.In the early 1940s, an Oxford geneticist named Edmund Ford go about a similar notion. The solution was to follow a cohort to capture the change over judgment of conviction. Doll and Hill followed Fords work with deep interest. There was a centralized registry of all doctors in Britain that could be used for a cohort study. Every time a doctor in the registry died, the registrar was noticed with a detail description of the cause of last. On October 31, 1951, Doll and Hill sent out survey letters to about 60,000 doctors. About 41,000 of them responded. Doll and Hill used the data to create a master list, dividing it into smokers and nonsmokers. Each time a death was reported, they found out the cause of death from the registrars office.Between October 1951 and March 1954, 789 deaths were reported, and 36 were attributed to lung cancer. All these 36 deaths had occurred in the smokers category, showing a strong correlation between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.A thief in the NightIn 1956, the percentage of smokers in the US adult population had reached an all-time peak of 45 percent. Cigarette sales had climbed to stratospheric heights and the tobacco fabrication had transformed their advertising by targeting their advertising to selected segments of the population. By the early 1960s, an average American consumed eleven cigarettes per day, some one for each waking hour.In the mid-1950s, public health organizations in America were undisturbed by the link between tobacco and cancer. But the tobacco industry was worried that the link would scare consumers away. In 1953, three years before Dolls prospective study was public, the heads of several tobacco companies met in New York to check a counterattack. They saturated the news media in 1954 with an advertisement titled A Frank Statement, obfuscating facts and creating doubts about the connection between lung cancer and tobacco. They had already formed a committee called Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) to act as an intermediary between the hostile academy, the embattled tobacco industry, and the confused consumer. The director of the committee was Clarence Cook low, who the Laskerites had deposed as president of ASCC.Little was a strong proponent that lung cancer was hereditary. Studies had shown a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. But correlation, Little argued, could not be equated with cause. To counter that argument, Bradford Hill prepared a list of nine criteria that could prove a causal relationship. No single item in that list proved causality, but scientists could pick criteria from the list to strengthen or weaken the causal relationship.In the February 1957, Evart Graham died from bilateral bronchogenic carcinoma. Two weeks before he died, Graham wrote to his friend Alton Ochsner bilateral bronchogenic carcinoma sneaked up on me like a thief in the nightYou know I quit smoking more than five years ago, but the trouble is that I smoked for 50 years. In 1954, in a book entitled Smoking and Cancer, Graham had wondered whether it was time for the US Public Health Service to at least issue a statement of warning.A Statement of WarningIn the summer of 1963, a team of three men visited the laboratory of Oscar Auerbach in East Orange, New Jersey. Oscar Auerbach was a lung pathologist who believed that cancer grew from a precursor lesion precancer to its full-blown form slowly, and methodically, over a long period of time. Long before lung cancer became symptomatic, he found, the lung tissues contained layers of precancerous l esions in various stages of development. He had recently completed a monolithic study comparing lung specimens of nonsmokers and smokers, which was considered a landmark in the understanding of the genesis of lung cancer.The three visitors were William Cochran, Peter Hamill, and Emmanuel Farber. They were three of the ten- piece advisory committee appointed by the US surgeon general. The mandate (of the committee) was to review the evidence connecting tobacco to cancer so that the surgeon general could issue an official report.US Surgeon Generals ReportIn 1961, the American Cancer Society, the National Tuberculosis Association and the American Heart Association had sent a joint letter to President Kennedy urging him to appoint a national commission to investigate the link between tobacco and cancer. Kennedy assigned it to his surgeon general, Luther Terry. Terry appointed ten members to his advisory committee. Each member brought insight to a unique piece of the puzzle. Piece by pie ce, a consistent picture emerged. The committee found the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was one of the strongest in history.Luther Terry released his 387-page report on January 11, 1964. The report was released on a Saturday in part to minimize its effect on the stock market. It was appear page news and a hint story on every video and radio stations in the United States and abroad.The FTC ActionThe Federal alternate Commission (FTC) was a federal agency whose mandate was to regulate advertisements and claims made by various products. Given the link between cigarettes and cancer, as acknowledged by the surgeon generals report, the FTC recommended that cigarette makers would need to acknowledge this directly in advertising their products. The FTC recommended to imprint the message into the product itself. Cigarette packages and all advertisements were to be labeled with upkeep Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Health. It May Cause Death from Cancer and Other Diseas e.The proposed action from the FTC spread panic through the tobacco industry. Rather than be regulated by the FTC, the tobacco industry voluntarily requested regulation by Congress.In Congress, the FTCs recommendation was diluted as it changed hands from hearing to hearing, leading to an amended bill called the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (FCLAA) of 1965. It changed the FTCs warning label to Caution Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health. The lecture cancer, cause, and deaths were removed from the original label.Battle on Cigarette AdvertisingIn late 1966, a young attorney named John Banzhaf asked a local television station to provide airtime for anti-smoking announcements. The station refused. In the summer of 1967, Banzhaf filed a complaint with the FCC. The FCCs fairness doctrine required public media to provide free air time to opposing viewpoints on controversial issues. The FCC announced responded that its fairness doctrine applied to the reques t for anti-smoking announcements. With the FTC consent, Banzhaf sued the TV station. The suit went to trial in 1968. The court ruled that proportionate airtime had to be given to pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco advertising. In February 1969, the FCC announced that they would rigorously police the proportional air time clause. A barrage of anti-smoking advertisements appeared on television.In late 1970, faced with the daily brunt of negative publicity, tobacco manufacturers voluntarily withdrew cigarette advertising from broadcast media.Lawsuits Against Tobacco Manufacturers arise Cipollone started smoking when she was a teenager in 1942. She tried to quit, but relapsed later with greater dependency. In her quest for the safe cigarette, she had switched brands and tried new filters periodically. In 1981, Cipollone was diagnosed with lung cancer. By August 1983, the cancer metastasized all over her body. She started chemotherapy, but had a poor response. She died on October 21, 1984 at age 58.Marc Edell, a New Jersey attorney, heard of Cipollones diagnosis in the summer of 1983. He sued for the Cipollones against three tobacco manufacturers whose products blush wine had used Liggette, Lorillard, and Philip Morris. In previous lawsuits against the tobacco companies, the tobacco industry had all declared victory. Edell acknowledged that Rose Cipollone had read the warning labels and knew of the risks of smoking. But what matter was what the cigarette manufacturers knew, and how much of the cancer risk they had revealed to consumers. Edell asked the courts for unprecedented access to the internal files of the three tobacco companies. These documents showed that the tobacco companies knew smoking was linked to cancer, and the struggles within the industry to conceal the risks.In 1987, after four long years, the court decided that Rose Cipollone was 80 percent at fault. Only Liggett was liable for the remaining 20 percent, as Rose Cipollone smoked their cigarettes be fore the 1966 warning labels. Lorillard and Philip Morris got off without punishment. The jury awarded $400,000 in damages to Antonio Cipollone.Lawsuits by the StatesIn 1994, Mississippi was the first state to sue the tobacco industry to recover its public healthcare outlays linked to smoking. Several other states soon followed. Faced with the prospect of defending multiple actions nationwide, the four largest cigarette makers proposed a orbicular agreement in June 1997. In 1998, 46 states signed the Master Settlement Agreement with the four companies. Since 1998, an additional 47 cigarette makers have joined the agreement, reservation it one of the largest liability settlements in the United States.

Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks

Study Negative Effects of Energy DrinksThe universe of Energy DrinksIntroductionEnergy jollifys argon defined as soft drinkables containing a high percentage of sugar, caffeine, or other stimulants (Oxford Dictionaries, 2014). The popularity and consumption of dynamism drinks in todays demesne is immensely widespread, especially among athletes and athletic institutions. Albeit this new category of beverages is approximately novel, it has become a central and imperative weapon for those in exigency of a boost in their performance (Aufiero, 2014). Energy drinks for the first time in history have almost become the fuel of choice when engaging in physically demanding tasks this is most likely due to its high-sugar content (Breda et al., 2014). Additionally, the deliciously empowering world of ability drinks has managed to influence a staggering 68% of adolescents i.e. age ten to eighteen in the European Union alone (Breda et al., 2014).HistoryThe first nil drink was crafted in t he year 1962 by Taisho Pharmaceuticals a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in Tokyo (Engber, 2014). According to Engber (2014), this particular dynamism drink was called Lipovitan D. At its inception, Lipovitan D was sold as an energizing tonic, and, it was labelled as especially caffeinated and vitamin fortified (Engber, 2014). Lipovitan D was initially targeted to and consumed by executives in Japan that fought to confiscate success (Engber, 2014). By the 1980s, the heartiness drink market had already attained ball-shaped notoriety. Although Lipovitan D did not dominate the international markets, it was the first beverage to be solely and specifically classified as an energy drink (Engber, 2014). The next major brand of energy drinks to dominate the market was known as inflammation Bull (Preceden, 2014). Created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz an Austrian Businessman, Red Bull was introduced to the United States of America in 1997 (Engber, 2014 Green and Keegan, 2013 175). Red Bull would be the catalyst to immensely expand the energy drink market. According to Gary Hemphill, director of investigate for the Beverage Marketing Corporation, the energy drink market attained $11 billion in retail sales alone (Engber, 2014).Current ViewpointsEnergy drinks today atomic number 18 the epitome of popularity. They can be found at any major obtain outlet with varying flavours and sizes. In contemporary media, celebrities, advertisements and television personalities are enlisted to help boost the notoriety and sales of energy drinks. Furthermore, energy beverages are frequently associated with upper limit performance in numerous sports today. As of 2012, the energy drink market was worth an astounding $37 billion (Zenith International, 2012). In todays market, the energy drink is still predicted to grow at a CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate of 13.38 percent over the period 2013-2018 (Infiniti Research Limited, 2014).The bravado and intense ferocity of the energy drink market shows no sign of declining in the near future. According to (Transparency Market Research, 2014), the unimpeded and fertile growth of energy beverage in the global market is due to the increasing growth and consumption of energy drinks by numerous age groups. This immense growth has alike been supported by the printing that they are better than other carbonated, sugary drinks that are almost full to busting with sugar (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The lucrative nature of the energy drink market has proven seductive to countless manufactures they employ sales tactics e.g. elaborate packaging, imaginative advertising, etc. to take advantage this cash crop (Transparency Market Research, 2014). It is also predicted that the energy drink market will soon target untouched segments of the market in order to further improve sales (Transparency Market Research, 2014). With major brands such as Red Bull dominating 30% of the market, energy beverages still remai n a popular choice among the masses who are in need of a significant increase of energy (Transparency Market Research, 2014).The astounding benefits of energy drinks are somewhat marred by the development of research that criticizes and flags this beverage intentness giant as being potentially lethal. New studies show that energy drink consumption can alter the rhythms of the heart (Lambert, 2014). A recent domain at the University of Bonn in western Germany discovered that the left ventricle within the heart contracted harder after the consumption of an energy drink. Other critics and researchers have also attributed increases in heart rate, blood pressurebody temperature, and, psychological effects such as anxiety and sleep disturbances to energy beverages. (Lambert, 2014). With a modicum amount of research to belie the sanctity of the energy drink, it could prove to be severely detrimental to the human body over time.HypothesisThe numerous disadvantages and detriments that exis t within the energy drink will surpass the advantages that it provides.Research QuestionsIn what ways can energy drinks positively and negatively affect the health of 18-25 year old athletes?What are the implications for athletic institutions?Proposed MethodologyPrimary research will be enlisted to establish the usage and popularity of energy beverages amongst athletes that are between the ages of 18 and 25. Secondary research will also be employed to further assess pre-existing data on the advantages, detriments and implications for athletic institutions.Qualitative and quantitative research will also be utilised. Qualitative research will be gathered through questionnaires and surveys that procure and evaluate the usage and results of energy drinks. These findings will aim to provide figures and statistics that aid in cataloguing of the adverse and excellent influences that energy drinks have on the human body. Both types of research can then be used to triangulate final findings that are generalizable, and, stand in the fortitude of their validity.Supplementary data will also be collected from a group sample that will consist of cardinal to twenty athletes that reside in Preston, United Kingdom this would ensure a decent amount of access to the participants. The sample of twenty athletes would include numerous countries e.g. Sri Lanka, China, Nigeria, confederation Africa, United Kingdom, etc., in order to ensure that data is collected from a diversified group of individuals. The sample size will remain relatively downhearted due to the thorough nature of interviews and questionnaires that will be administered. The small amount of participants will also increase the feasibility and overall achievability of this experiment.ReferencesAufiero, B. (2014).Why Do plenty Buy Energy Drinks? LIVESTRONG.COM. online LIVESTRONG.COM. Available at http//www.livestrong.com/article/423042-why-do-people-buy-energy-drinks/ Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Breda, J., Whiting, S., E ncarnao, R., Norberg, S., Jones, R., Reinap, M. and Jewell, J. (2014). Energy Drink Consumption in Europe A Review of the Risks, Adverse wellness Effects, and Policy Options to Respond.Frontiers in Public Health, online 2. Available at http//journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134/fullB20 Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Engber, D. (2014).Who Made That Energy Drink?. online Nytimes.com. Available at http//www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/ cartridge holder/who-made-that-energy-drink.html?_r=0 Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Green, M. and Keegan, W. (2013).Global Marketing. 7th ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall.Infiniti Research Limited, (2014).Global Energy Drink Market 2014-2018 13266 Sandler Research. online Sandlerresearch.org. Available at http//www.sandlerresearch.org/global-energy-drink-market-2014-2018.html Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Lambert, C. (2014).The energy drink craze thats putting young lives in danger. online Mail Online. Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2552613/The -energy-drink-craze-thats-putting-young-lives-danger.html Accessed 22 Nov. 2014.Oxford Dictionaries, (2014).energy drink definition of energy drink in Oxford dictionary (British World English). online Oxforddictionaries.com. Available at http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/energy-drink Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Preceden, (2014).The History Of Energy Drinks Timeline Preceden. online Preceden.com. Available at http//www.preceden.com/timelines/66113-the-history-of-energy-drinks Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Transparency Market Research, (2014).Energy Drinks Market Global assiduity Size, Share, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts 2012 2018. online Transparencymarketresearch.com. Available at http//www.transparencymarketresearch.com/energy-drinks-market.html Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Zenith International, (2012).Global energy drinks market spurts ahead to $37 billion. online Zenithinternational.com. Available at http//www.zenithinternational.com/articles/1012 Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.

Chistopher Reeves Essay -- essays research papers

What it means to be a SupermanBorn on September 25, 1952, native in the altogether Yorker Christopher Reeve has lead a life of stardom, coupled with a life of tragedy. Leading a very successful film career, Reeves was on top of the world, until the fifth part day of May of nineteen ninety-five. On this day, Reeves life would change forever. However, no tragedy could stop a true Superman.     Attending Princeton day academy Reeves was a success from the beginning. His natural talent and charisma made him a shoe-in for the lead in many school plays. Says Reeves "I never once asked my self, who am I, or what am I doing here...right from the beginning the theater was like a home to me." At the age of 16, Reeves already had an agent. While touring the country, Chris decided to pursue a college education. And, convey to an understanding agent was able to continue his work as a professional actor. "Scheduling gigs around my classes."    &nb sp By nineteen-seventy-six he was starring with Katherine Hepurn on Broadway, and had perform in such demand that he gave up his last year at Julliard. After screen testing for the nineteen seventy-eight movie Superman, he was given the lead role as Clark Kent/Superman. Reeve was an outstanding Superman both on and off the screen. He made Clark Kent/Superman a believable character, says Reeves "somebody you can take home and introduce to your parents". This part was just like Reeve, A d...

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Mrs. Linde as a Foil for Nora in A fowls HouseRandom House Websters dictionary defines a bar as a person or thing that makes another seem better by air. This essay will focus on the use of the queer to contrast another character. The characters of Nora and Mrs. Linde provide an excellent example of this literary device. Mrs. Lindes aged, experienced personality is the perfect foil for Noras adolescent nature. Mrs. Lindes hard life is used to contrast the frivolity and sheltered aspects of Noras life. Noras optimism and belief in things improbable is an opposite to the rationality and down-to-earth mentality of Mrs. Linde. Finally, the rekindling of the flame between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad is a direct contrast to the intense down of Nora and Torvalds dolls house. Whereas angiotensin converting enzyme can see Mrs. Linde as mature and world-weary, one can easily read the character Nora as immature and childlike one of the first examples of this immaturity and childishness can be found in the first few pages. Nora has come in from a day of shopping and in these excerpts we can see her child-like manner while interacting with her husband, Torvald Nora Oh yes, Torvald, we can squander a little now. Cant we? full a tiny, wee bit. Now that youve got a big net and are going to make piles and piles of money. (Ibsen Ibsen 27-29) With this excerpt, we see a child-like attitude not only in Noras manner of speaking with the statement Just a tiny, wee bit, but also in her attitude toward money and the unrealistic expectations of making piles and piles of money. The following example also shows Noras childish manner in her personal interactions with her husband. Her manner seems more like that of a favorite daughter, acc... ...77. Ibsen. New York Macmillan. Davies, H. Neville. 1982. Not just a bang and a wail the inconclusiveness of Ibsens A Dolls House. Critical Quarterly 2433-34. Durbach, Errol. A Dolls House Ibsens Myth of Transformation. Boston Twayne, 1991. H eiberg, Hans. Ibsen. A Portrait of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida University of Miami. 1967. Ibsen , Henrik. A Dolls House. Dover Thrift Edition, 1992 Northam, John. 1965. Ibsens take care for the Hero. Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall. Solomon, Barbara H., ed. Rediscoveries American Short Stories by Women, 1832-1916. New York Penguin Group, 1994. Templeton, Joan. Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? (1989). Rpt. In Meyer. 1635-36. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.